The intrathoracic manifestations of oncogenic viral infection in AIDS patients are protean. Understanding their epidemiologic, pathologic, and imaging features is crucial to diagnosing and managing these often-treatable conditions.

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Unusual lymphoproliferative diseases result from the stimulation of intrathoracic lymphoid tissue by viruses and immune dysfunction, ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignant transformation. We review the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of unusual lymphoproliferative disorders, which have been linked to viruses or immune dysfunction, focusing on thoracic manifestations. Understanding these advances in science enhances the radiologist's skills in integrating the imaging findings to the clinical scenario to suggest the correct diagnosis.