JACK SIDMAN AND RUDOLF MOOSrived from frequency ratings of 70 items of staff t o patient helping and 70 items of patient to patient helping made by patients from 9 different wards. A number of significant relationships were found, and some of the results were discussed in terms of their implications for possibly obtaining more effective treatment outcome by changing social psychological atmosphere through the mediating variables of patient and staff helping behaviors. 8. Moos, R. H. and SCHWARTZ, J. Treatment environment an2treatment outcome. Stanford: 9. SIDMAN, J. Empathy and helping behavior in college students. Unpublished dissertation, of successful sychiatric treatment rograms. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1971, 41, 427-441. atmosphere and outcome of acute schizophrenia.