The inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage is a reliable landmark in identifying the RLNs. Racial variations between Caucasians and Chinese may explain some anatomic differences.

These results do not support the use of the BRAF(V600E) mutation as a prognostic marker of conventional PTC. However, the association of high BRAF mRNA levels with more advanced clinical features suggests that BRAF mRNA levels might be a more useful clinical marker of PTCs, independent of the BRAF(V600E) mutation status. The correlation between BRAF-pseudogene mRNA levels and BRAF mRNA levels in PTCs is in agreement with the hypothesis that the BRAF pseudogene regulates BRAF expression during tumorigenesis by acting as competitive noncoding RNA. However, additional studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.

The inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was a reliable landmark in identifying the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve. Racial variations between the white and the Chinese should be taken into consideration for an explanation of the differences.

Background-Carcinoid cancers are the most common neuroendocrine (NE) tumors and limited treatment options exist. The inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target to the treatment of carcinoid disease. In this study we investigate the ability of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, to inhibit carcinoid growth, the neuroendocrine phenotype and its association with GSK-3β.