Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ipcc) 'The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate' (24 September 2019) 3. 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ipcc) 'Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers' (2014) 2. 3 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (amap) 'Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost inthe Arctic: Summary for Policy-makers' (2017) 8. 4 Importantly, it does not mean however that mitigation efforts are meaningless. A substantial reduction of emissions will stabilise the Arctic. Nonetheless, "the changes underway in the Arctic are expected to continue through at least mid-century, substantial global reductions in net greenhouse gas emissions can begin to stabilize some trends (albeit at higher levels than today) after that." ibid 6. 5 Also known as climate engineering, refers to the "deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to moderate global warming." The Royal Society 'Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty' (September 2009) ix. 6 "Various techniques have been proposed to produce this effect; these involve brightening the Earth's surface, introducing reflective matter into the atmosphere, or inserting light scattering material in space between the Sun and the Earth." ibid ix and 23.