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Considering exploitation-regardless of whether it takes place at the organizational level or individual level-as inherently deviant, this article examines different types of exploitations experienced by black male football and basketball student athletes (BSAs) on predominantly white campuses over the last five decades by utilizing a five-point hypothetical framework. The study findings are in agreement with those of prior studies conducted in this area by sports scholars and sociologists. Additionally, this study finds that the exploitation is embedded in social class differences as well as in racial ideology and discrimination.

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