No abstract

The majority of patients had no congenital abnormalities. Early diagnosis of urological abnormalities and urinary infection, and appropriate management of neurogenic bladder may have reduced the incidence in those groups. Most stones are calcium based but occur in the absence of metabolic disturbances. More patients presented in the fall, perhaps reflecting the increased concentration of urine in the summer. Half of the patients passed the stones and shock wave lithotripsy was curative in most others. Ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and open surgery were rarely required.

These nationally representative, weighted analyses reveal a significant increase in the incidence of CPA, with striking variation by race, region and SES. Further research into potential causes, as well as the observed disparities in incidence, is needed.