Comunicação Breve/Short Communication Resumo Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou comparar as técnicas de Baermann-Moraes, Faust et al., Ritchie modificada, Lutz e Kato-Katz, para o diagnóstico de parasitoses intestinais e estimar o custo de implantação de cada uma dessas técnicas em um laboratório de análises clínicas. Métodos: Foram analisadas 374 amostras de fezes pelas cinco técnicas. Resultados: Das amostras estudadas, 292 foram analisadas pela técnica de Baermann & Moraes, sendo negativas. A positividade, considerando as demais técnicas, foi de 25,66%. Ritchie modificada detectou positividade em 20,1% das amostras com maior eficiência para Blastocystis sp., seguida por Lutz (15,8%), Faust et al. (12,8%) e Kato-Katz (1,1%). Os índices de concordância Kappa entre as técnicas utilizadas, excluindo Kato-Katz, foram moderados, e de Kato-Katz com as outras técnicas parasitológicas foi fraca. Foi evidenciada ausência de diferença significativa somente entre as técnicas de Faust et al. e Lutz. O Kato-Katz foi considerado uma técnica inadequada para o diagnóstico de parasitoses intestinais, frente ao declínio da frequência de geohelmintíase e permanência ou aumento das infecções determinadas por protozoários. A técnica de Lutz foi a que apresentou menor custo de implantação, seguida por Baermann & Moraes, Kato-Katz, Ritchie modificado e Faust et al., devendo ser a técnica de escolha quando o parâmetro for econômico. Conclusão: Considerando o parâmetro positividade preconiza-se a implantação de Ritchie modificada, embora a associação de técnicas gere resultados mais eficazes. A associação de técnicas com melhores resultados foi de Ritchie modificado e Lutz ou Ritchie modificado e Faust et al. Palavras-chave Testes diagnósticos de rotina; Custos e análise de custo; Análise parasitológica

No abstract

Enteroparasitosis presents high prevalence in developing countries, and is frequent among children, and those with disabilities present even higher susceptibility. The present study evaluated 156 children with neurological disorders to whose parents or guardians an epidemiological questionnaire was applied with a view to identifying risk factors. Stool samples were processed using Ritchie modified by Young, Faust et al., Lutz and Baermann-Moraes techniques. Thirteen samples (8.3%) were positive, being Blastocystis sp. the most frequent parasite (46.2%). Higher positivity was observed for protozoa, especially non-pathogenic. A statistically significant association was only found between the educational level of the mother and positivity for enteroparasites. Among positive children, the habit of placing their hands and objects in their mouths and the consumption of raw vegetables was more frequent. The results show the existence of care and sanitation minimizing the acquisition of intestinal parasite diseases. It is important to alert parents and caregivers about personal hygiene, water and food quality, as well as the environment, considering that transmission of these parasites occurs via the fecal-oral route, in association with multiple factors.

Since the calls "cabinets of curiosities", the essence of natural history was consolidating itself with the birth of the museums and the development of the Museums of Natural History. This consolidation was reached through following activities: expeditions, field trips, collection classification works, catalogues of diffusion of scientific knowledge, educativ activities and expositions. The present paper intends to discuss the importance of the museal institutions for the studies of Paleontology; since the museums of Natural History had exerted a pioneering paper in the institutionalization of certain areas of knowledge, as Palaeontology, Anthropology and Experimental Physiology, in Brazil. The Paleontological studies in museums had collaborated in the specialization and modernization of the appearance of "new museum idea". As this new concept the museum is a space of diffusion of scientific knowledge, represented as an object that reflects the identity of the society without an obligator linking with physical constructions. However, the Brazilian museums have been sufficiently obsolete, with problems that involve acquisition and maintenance of collections to production of temporary or permanent exhibitions. When the Brazilian institutions of natural history are analyzed they are not organized on the new museum conception and the digital age as the North American and European ones. Despite the difficulties found by the Museums since its birth as Institution in the 18th century, the contemporary development of Museology and Palaeontology as Science had contributed for the consolidation and institutionalization of both, helping the diffusion of scientific knowledge.

The Maecuru Formation comprises the Devonian-Carboniferous sedimentary sequence of Amazonas Basin and consists of fluvialdeltaics to neritics sandstones and pelites layers. Its fossiliferous sediments (the uppermost part of the Lontra Member) consists of hummocky cross-stratified fine-grained to very coarse sandstones beds.With the purpose of adding more information about the palaeoecology of The Maecuru Formation fossils, the life habits of gastropods and bellerophontids were inferred based on functional analysis and similarities with the living forms. The more significant features used were: (1) total frontal cross-sectional area, (2) height and relative positions of pressure point and center of gravity, (3) apertural margin morphology, (4) kind of symmetry and (5) surface smoothness. The species Platyceras (Orthonychia) steinmanni; Platyceras (Tumbophalus) hartti; Platyceras (Platyostoma) darwini; Platyceras (Platyostoma) (?) agassizi; Platyceras (Orthonychia) meerwarthi; Platyceras (Orthonychia) gracilis; Platyceras (Tumbophalus) coutoanus; "Platyceras" tschernischewi; "Platyceras" subconicum; "Platyceras" (Ortonychia) hussaki; "Platyceras" (Ortonychia) whitii; "Platyceras" (Ortonychia) whitii var. curua and "Platyceras" symmetricum var. maecuruensis represent the epifaunal gastropods with low mobility (coprophagous/suspension feeders) of the Maecuru Formation, living symbiotically directly over the anus of a crinoid or nearby. This coprophagous mode of life was probably a non-obligate relationship, because only the closest organisms will get all the advantages of using the crinoid host as a nutrient source. The others adult platyceratids would have a broader feeding repertoire, like as suspension feeders. The bellerophonts Plectonotus (Plectonotus) derbyi, Plectonotus (?) (Plectonotus) salteri e Bucanella reissi would have an epifaunal medium to high mobility, showing a predator habit preferably. On the other hand Bucania freitasi, Ptomatis forbesi and Bellerophon steltzneri showed morphologies compable to a grazer habit with medium mobility. This relative high diversity of gastropods and bellerophonts corroborates the environment of medium and inner shelf inferred for the Maecuru Formation among the others macrofossils, since the majority of Paleozoic fauna of gastropods were typically from shallow seas.