Apoptosis in the urethra occurs 9 months after castration and simulated birth trauma. However, this finding was not seen in the muscle layers or in other urogenital tissues. Some ultrastructural changes also occurred that may explain some symptoms that women have after vaginal childbirth and menopause.

Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages secreted different amounts of VEGF and showed different abilities to respond to VEGF. Cavernous smooth muscle cells responded to VEGF in terms of cell proliferation and migration. Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages expressed different levels of VEGFR-1 but did not express VEGFR-2.

Apoptosis in the urethra occurs 9 months after castration and simulated birth trauma. However, this finding was not seen in the muscle layers or in other urogenital tissues. Some ultrastructural changes also occurred that may explain some symptoms that women have after vaginal childbirth and menopause.

Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages secreted different amounts of VEGF and showed different abilities to respond to VEGF. Cavernous smooth muscle cells responded to VEGF in terms of cell proliferation and migration. Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages expressed different levels of VEGFR-1 but did not express VEGFR-2.

We conclude that, the presence of the intravaginal electrode induces changes in the UPP not related to the stimulation itself. The physiotherapeutic effect of the electrode itself is still to be evaluated.