Massive spontaneous choroidal hemorrhage may be associated with hypertension, systemic anticoagulation, advanced age, and age-related macular degeneration. Final visual acuities are generally poor.
CSC with associated retinal PED may be seen and generally has a good visual prognosis. The most frequent outcome is resolution with retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. Subfoveal PED occurs less commonly and may have a poorer visual prognosis.
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