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The application of polymer-based composite materials as bearing liner materials into eco-friendly water lubrication has received considerable attention owing to their superior tribological behaviors, corrosion resistance, and high damping characteristics, and its design flexibility can improve the bearing performances in response to the distribution of lubricant film pressure based on the regulation of elastic constants. However, the low viscosity and high density of water essentially cause thin-filmed lubrication accompanied by a low load-carrying capacity. Particularly, a high rotational speed enhancing the wedge effect induces turbulence and considerable inertial effect. Moreover, substantial elastic deformation of the composite bearing liners alters the formation of the lubricant film. In this study, we analyze a water-lubricated composite journal bearing system incorporating the turbulence, inertial effect, and elastic deformation of the bearing liner. Reynolds equation was modified considering the turbulence and inertial effect. The elastic deformation of the composite bearing liner was determined by solving the constitutive equation. The Reynolds equation and the constitutive equation were solved via the finite difference method and finite element method, respectively. In addition, the analytical relation for the elastic deformation was derived that suitably eliminated the requirement of solving the constitutive equation. With the introduction of the primary parameters, Sommerfeld number, Reynolds number, and deformation coefficient, the relation of the normalized minimum film thickness with respect to the parameters was modeled based on the Gaussian regression model. Accordingly, we proposed the new optimal maximum load-carrying capacity boundaries which narrowed down the operating region compared to conventional boundaries.