Thermal striping tests in mixing tees with hot and cold water were conducted for three types of flow conjunctions in order to establish an evaluation method for high-cycle thermal fatigue of piping systems. Two kinds of examinations were planned. The preliminary tests were flow visualization tests carried out using acrylic pipes to obtain flow pattern characteristics and flow temperature fluctuations. The main tests were temperature fluctuation measurement tests carried out using metal pipes to evaluate the unsteady heat transfer coefficient based on measured temperature fluctuations of fluid and pipe wall. This paper reports visualization test results. The flow patterns were visualized by injection of methylene blue and compared with flow analysis results by the k-ε turbulence model. Temperature fluctuations of fluid 3mm from the inner pipe wall were measured with C-A thermocouples. Fundamental features such as locations with a large fluctuating temperature, the fluctuating temperature amplitude and its frequency were identified.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the impact of low cost carriers (LCCs) on non-aeronautical revenues in 26 UK airports from 1999 to 2008. Increasingly non-aeronautical revenues have become an important source for airport revenue. Our literature review highlights that there is little consensus in empirical results concerning LCC impact on non-aeronautical revenues, some of these report positive impact while others show negative impact. We estimate a non-aeronautical revenue function which includes frequency share of LCC, Air Transport Movements (ATMs), number of passengers and population of hinterland of each observed airports as explanatory variables. In addition to this, we produce marginal revenue estimates for both the case of capacity constrained and capacity unconstrained circumstance in airports. As a result, in the case of a non-capacity constrained airport, on average, the marginal revenue of an additional LCC ATM is £147 while for non-LCC ATM it is £226. On the other hand, in the case of a capacity constrained airport, on average, substituting one non-LCC ATM with an LCC ATM reduces revenue by £79.

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