This is a prospective cohort study in renal transplant patients who fasted or who did not fast for three consecutive Ramadans. The baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and urinary protein excretion before the first Ramadan were compared to those after the third Ramadan in 35 fasters and 33 nonfasters. The effect of age, time after transplantation, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), and proteinuria on changes in the GFR were studied. The two groups were comparable in gender, age, donor source, time posttransplantation, presence of DM, hypertension, proteinuria, serum creatinine, and MAP. Among the fasters, there was no change in estimated GFR after fasting for three Ramadans (56.4 mL/min versus 55.4 mL/min, P=0.8) even after adjusting for age, DM, baseline GFR, proteinuria, or time after transplantation. There were no significant differences between the fasters and the nonfasters in the changes in GFR, MAP, and urinary protein excretion between baseline and the third Ramadan.

ABSTRACT:Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity or convenience. Drug abuse is a more intense and often willful misuse of drugs often to the point of addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous.. The major drug of abuse are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs are shown to be on the increase. The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. For this purpose we selected different institutions including “the university of Lahore”, “Forman Christian college”(private sector) and Punjab university(Govt sector) and conducted survey in 500 student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder like antisocial personality disorder. The most commonly abused drugs include stimulants, opioids, and benzodiazepines, antihistamines. Although survey have indicated high rate of illicit and prescription drugs misuse among college students, few have assessed the negative consequences, personel concerns, or interest in intervention for drugs use. Drug abuse although regarded as a personality disorder, may also be seen as worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiology and environmental influences Controlling and affecting human behavior. Globally, the use has reached all time high. The study showed males are more drug abusers as compared to females. The drug abuse ratio in students of private sector is more as compared to Govt sector.

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Oral route of drug administration is considered as the safest and easiest route of drug administration. Control release drug delivery system is the emerging trend in the pharmaceuticals and the oral route is most suitable for such kind of drug delivery system. Oral route is more convenient for It all age group including both pediatric and geriatrics. There are various systems which are adopted to deliver drug in a controlled manner to different target sites through oral route. It includes diffusion controlled drug delivery systems; dissolution controlled drug delivery systems, osmotically controlled drug delivery systems, ion-exchange controlled drug delivery systems, hydrodynamically balanced systems, multi-Particulate drug delivery systems and microencapsulated drug delivery system. The systems are formulated using different natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. The purpose of the review is to provide information about the orally controlled drug delivery system, polymers which are used to formulate these systems and characterizations of one of the most convenient dosage form which is the tablets.