ALD1 (ABERRANT GROWTH AND DEATH2 [AGD2]-LIKE DEFENSE1) is one of the key defense regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. In these model plants, ALD1 is responsible for triggering basal defense response and systemic resistance against bacterial infection. As well ALD1 is involved in the production of pipecolic acid and an unidentified compound(s) for systemic resistance and priming syndrome, respectively. These previous studies proposed that ALD1 is a potential candidate for developing genetically modified (GM) plants that may be resistant to pathogen infection. Here we introduce a role of ALD1-LIKE gene of Oryza sativa, named as OsALD1, during plant immunity. OsALD1 mRNA was strongly transcribed in the infected leaves of rice plants by Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus. OsALD1 proteins predominantly localized at the chloroplast in the plant cells. GM rice plants over-expressing OsALD1 were resistant to the fungal infection. The stable expression of OsALD1 also triggered strong mRNA expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 genes in the leaves of rice plants during infection. Taken together, we conclude that OsALD1 plays a role in disease resistance response of rice against the infection with rice blast fungus.

Cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) are one of the simplest compounds produced by living organisms. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) also produce CDPs that can induce disease resistance. Bacillus vallismortis strain BS07 producing various CDPs has been evaluated as a potential biocontrol agent against multiple plant pathogens in chili pepper. However, plant signal pathway triggered by CDPs has not been fully elucidated yet. Here we introduce four CDPs, cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) previously identified from Aspergillus sp., and cyclo(L-Ala-L-Ile), cyclo(L-Ala-L-Leu), and cyclo(LLeu-L-Pro) identified from B. vallismortis BS07, which induce disease resistance in Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae infection. The CDPs do not directly inhibit fungal and oomycete growth in vitro. These CDPs require PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2, and NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 important for salicylic acid-dependent defense to induce resistance. On the other hand, regulators involved in jasmonate-dependent event, such as ETHYLENE RECEPTOR1, JASMONATE RESPONSE1, and JASMONATE INSENSITIVE1, are necessary to the CDP-induced resistance. Furthermore, treatment of these CDPs primes Arabidopsis plants to rapidly express PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN4 at early infection phase. Taken together, we propose that these CDPs from PGPR strains accelerate activation of jasmonate-related signaling pathway during infection.

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Recently, mobile age is blooming and makes change of 21st century. Especially multi chip package – MCP- is located center position of this flash era. Moreover, radio frequency –RF- sensitivity determines the product quality and life, therefore we try to develop the RF sensitivity of MCP in wireless circumstance. In this study, MCP comprised NAND Flash memory, Mobile DRAM, and a substrate, we focused on the substrate, changed substrate design and performance by using resistor embedded into 1 layer of substrate. The purpose of adaption of embedded resistor is in order to control the slew rate of signal channel of DRAM. NiCr thin film was used for the resistor in substrate. NiCr material presents superior temperature coefficient of resistance –TCR- to thick film material. NiCr coated on Cu foil and this foil laminated by conventional substrate manufacturing method. Embedded resistor applied on signal line as 3 kinds; 1. Signal and signal strobe line by 50 Ohm, 2.Signal strobe line by 50 Ohm, and 3. Signal and signal strobe line by 20 Ohm. In case of 3, result showed 0.5 dBm increment of RF sensitivity in full strength mode, also we got the same performance at half strength mode. Embedded resistor formed substrate did not affect the reliability of MCP, from the results of reliability test; pre-conditioning test, thermo-cyclic, temperature humidity, HAST, un-Bias HAST, and hot temperature storage test. This study showed signal waveform of DRAM is significantly effective in RF sensitivity for MCP. Passive component, resistor, made change of slew rate and revealed increase of sensitivity level finally.