We have investigated the effect of pentacene-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly(4-styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS] films as a hole-conducting layer on the performance of polymer photovoltaic cells. By increasing the amount of pentacene and the annealing temperature of pentacene-doped PEDOT:PSS layer, the changes of performance characteristics were evaluated. Pentacene-doped PEDOT:PSS thin films were prepared by dissolving pentacene in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvent and mixing with PEDOT:PSS. As the amount of pentacene in the PEDOT:PSS solution was increased, UV-visible transmittance also increased dramatically. By increasing the amount of pentacene in PEDOT:PSS films, dramatic decreases in both the work function and surface resistance were observed. However, the work function and surface resistance began to sharply increase above the doping amount of pentacene at 7.7 and 9.9 mg, respectively. As the annealing temperature was increased, the surface roughness of pentacene-doped PEDOT:PSS films also increased, leading to the formation of PEDOT:PSS aggregates. The films of pentacene-doped PEDOT:PSS were characterized by AFM, SEM, UV-visible transmittance, surface analyzer, surface resistance, and photovoltaic response analysis.

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The preparation and electrical properties of ionic transition metal complex light-emitting electrochemical cells using phenanthroline-based ancillary ligands in metal complexes have been investigated. Luminous layer was prepared by the synthesis of tetrakis(2-phenylpyridine-C,N′)(m-dichloro)diiridium and two kinds of phenathroline ancillary ligands and the ion exchange of ammonium hexafluorophosphate. Two devices have been fabricated with structures of ITO/poly (3,4-ethylenedixythionphene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)/[iridium(2-phenylpyridine) 2 (5-methyl-1,10-phenathroline)]PF 6 /Al and ITO/poly(3,4-ethylenedixythionphene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/[iridium(2-phenylpyridine) 2 (5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenathroline)]PF 6 /Al. Both devices presented yellow emission color and showed low turn-on voltage, which were approximately 3 V and high luminance. The device based on ITO/PEDOT:PSS/[iridium(2-phenylpyridine) 2 (5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenathroline)]PF 6 /Al showed higher luminance than the other.

The performance characteristics of polymer photovoltaic cells, in which the pentacene‐doped PEDOT:PSS thin films are used as a hole conducting layer, have been investigated and characterized by employing AFM, SEM, UV‐visible, work function and current density‐voltage analysis. Pentacene‐doped PEDOT:PSS was prepared by blending pentacene with 1‐methy1‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) and PEDOT:PSS in solution. By using NMP as a solvent, pentacene as a dopant was introduced into PEDOT:PSS films. The surface roughness of PEDOT:PSS films was increased, and aggregate boundaries were clearly distinguished. Pentacene might form aggregations with PEDOT:PSS during the film forming process. UV‐visible transmission intensity also increased as doping percent of pentacene increased. The work function of pentacene‐doped PEDOT:PSS film decreased by approximately 0.3 eV, and this may contribute to moving holes easily toward ITO substrate. Consequently, pentacene‐doped PEDOT:PSS film as a hole conducting layer leads to improving the performance characteristics of photovoltaic cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This phenomenological study explored the experience of participation in square sports in China and the social mechanisms by which they can be sustained. Ten study participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. The findings indicate that their physical and mental health were either maintained or improved as they engaged in square sports. They also experienced reduced feelings of loneliness and an increase in their sense of belonging through exchanges with other members of their teams. They enjoyed the freedom from cost and spatial restrictions in pursuing leisure activities. However, conflicts also arose with other groups, mainly related to securing space in the squares. Additionally, the study found that conflicts between participants and non-participants in square sports emerged as a social problem. The social mechanisms by which square sports can be sustained were identified as people-led voluntary participation, pride in square sports, and the reproduction of economic capital using human resources.