Using data from a unique survey conducted in five large Chinese cities that employed an internationally comparable definition of unemployment, we find that the unemployment rate of urban permanent residents was 14.0 percent in 2002. Comparing unemployment rate estimates across time and space using data from the 2001 China Urban Labor Survey and China's 2000 population census, we estimate that for China as a whole, from January 1996 to September 2002 the unemployment rate of urban permanent residents increased from 6.1 percent to 11.1 percent, and that of all urban residents, including temporary residents (e.g., migrants), increased from 4.0 to 7.3 percent.

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Explicitly, the fuel gasification process refers to a reaction converting a solid fuel into gaseous products, but intrinsically, it involves a series of reactions, including fuel pyrolysis, char gasification, tar reforming/ cracking, combustible matter combustion, etc. All of these reactions are mutually interactive and fully coupled in a single gasification reactor (i.e., gasifier) for the major commercial gasification technologies. The decoupling gasification (DCG) mentioned in this paper is based on separating and, in turn, reorganizing at least one of the involved reactions to facilitate or suppress the interactive effects between the separated and other reactions. From this decoupling approach, there is potential to allow for the resulting gasification technology to realize the effects of polygeneration, low emission, high efficiency, good product quality, and wide fuel adaptability. This paper generalizes the decoupling approach into two types: isolating and synergizing. Through correlating technical features with these decoupling approaches, re-analysis of the technology principles is made for a few newly developed gasification technologies based on decoupling of the involved gasification reactions. The typical results obtained in research and development of these technologies at bench or pilot scales were recalled to justify the implicated decoupling principle and consequent benefits. As a consequence, the paper concludes that the decoupling of reactions provides a prospective approach to innovate technologies that enable high-efficiency clean conversion of solid fuels into high-quality products.

Most traditional strong magnetic inspection equipment has disadvantages such as big excitation devices, high weight, low detection precision, and inconvenient operation. This paper presents the design of a giant magneto-resistance (GMR) sensor array collection system. The remanence signal is collected to acquire two-dimensional magnetic flux leakage (MFL) data on the surface of wire ropes. Through the use of compressed sensing wavelet filtering (CSWF), the image expression of wire ropes MFL on the surface was obtained. Then this was taken as the input of the designed back propagation (BP) neural network to extract three kinds of MFL image geometry features and seven invariant moments of defect images. Good results were obtained. The experimental results show that nondestructive inspection through the use of remanence has higher accuracy and reliability compared with traditional inspection devices, along with smaller volume, lighter weight and higher precision.