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This work aims at characterizing the thermal and physical properties of chitosan. The samples were evaluated for potentiality to use as raw material for biodegradable films raw material. Their thermal and physical properties have been also discussed in detail which Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The result of the XRD pattern indicated the sample has amorphous-crystalline structure and FTIR results confirmed the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the amino and hydroxyl groups of the sample. In good agreement between the EDXRF and TGA results, noticed that the removal of moisture and volatile material.

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In this study, the experimental investigation and assessment the absorption capacity for Zn ion with Amusium Pleuronectes shell. The investigations were carried out by batch method and variables of the batch experiment include solution pH, Contact time, were determind. The mechanism of bisorption is chemisorption or/and physical adsorption was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The results showed that the Amusium Pleuronectes shell has a high level of absorption capacity for Zn (II) ions. Another that result of mechanism of biosorption suggests and confirm with the result of XRD and EDXRF.

The objectives of this work are to prepare and to study some properties of zinc bismuth borate glasses containing NiO in chemical formula 10ZnO : 30Bi2O3 : (60-x)B2O3 : xNiO, with x is the concentration of NiO, ranges from 0.00 to 0.05 mol%. The results found that the density of glasses increase with increasing of NiO concentration, whereas the molar volumes decrease. Absorption spectra were performed using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer in the region of ultraviolet to near infrared, the absorption peak was not found. Moreover, the color in CIE L*a*b* of all glass samples were also investigated.