Background Although it is evident that zoster vaccination reduces postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) risk by reducing herpes zoster (HZ) occurrence, it is less clear whether the vaccine protects against PHN among patients who develop HZ despite previous vaccination. Methods This cohort study included immunocompetent patients with HZ. The vaccinated cohort included 1155 individuals who were vaccinated against HZ at age ≥60 years and had an HZ episode after vaccination. Vaccinated patients were matched 1:1 by sex and age with unvaccinated patients. Trained medical residents reviewed the full medical record to determine the presence of HZ-related pain at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after HZ diagnosis. The incidence of PHN was compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated –patients. Results Thirty vaccinated women (4.2%) experienced PHN, compared with 75 unvaccinated women (10.4%), with an adjusted relative risk of 0.41 (95% confidence interval, .26–.64). PHN occurred in 26 vaccinated men (6.0%) versus 25 unvaccinated men (5.8%), with an adjusted relative risk of 1.06 (.58–1.94). These associations did not differ significantly by age. Conclusions Among persons experiencing HZ, prior HZ vaccination is associated with a lower risk of PHN in women but not in men. This sex-related difference may reflect differences in healthcare-seeking patterns and deserve further investigation.

: Accurate water measurements systems enable accurate accounting of water use, and permit the available water to be supplied at optimum rates to the areas where it is intended to be used. A perfect understanding of some of the primary principles relating to the subject of water measurement is, therefore, necessary for establishing any water measurement system in the canal commands of irrigated agriculture. All the four weir types have enabled creation of critical flow conditions within the throat section, which indicate their suitability for measurement of water in open channels in general. All the four design crest heights (25 cm (Weir-I), 20 cm (Weir-II), 15 cm (Weir -III) and 10 cm (Weir-IV)) are found to be acceptable excepting for 90 per cent submergence level condition. Critical depth (section) has occurred at only one location in the throat section for all the weirs under all possible conditions. The crest height has increased from 10 cm to 25 cm and then location of the critical section has moved towards the upstream side from 1.6 to 0.8 cm, 1.7 to 1.0 cm, 1.8 to 1.1 cm for 24 Ls -1 discharge under free flow, 60 per cent, 75 per cent submergence conditions, respectively. For 18 Ls -1 discharge, crest height has increased from 10 cm to 25 cm, and then location of the critical section has moved towards the upstream side from 7.0 to 3.1cm, 7.1 to 3.3 cm, 7.3 to 3.5 cm under free flow 60 per cent, 75 per cent submergence conditions, respectively. For 12 Ls -1 discharge, crest height has increased from 10 cm to 25 cm and then location of the critical section has moved towards the upstream side from 8.1 to 4.7 cm, 7.1 to 4.9 cm, 8.3 to 5.0 cm under free flow 60 per cent, 75 per cent submergence conditions, respectively. Crest height has increased from 10 cm to 25 cm and then location of the critical section has moved towards the upstream side from 8.4 to 6.0 cm, 8.6 to 6.1 cm, 6.3 cm for 6 Ls -1 discharge under free flow, 60 per cent, 75 per cent submergence conditions due to increased the contact surface and friction and not found for 90 per cent submergence levels for all the four weirs.

Indian agriculture account for nearly 14.2% of the gross domestic product and involves over 58.2% of population. The biggest challenge before the agriculture sector of India is to meet the growing demands of food for its increasing population from 1.21 billion in the year 2011 to 1.6 billion by the year 2050. Since the cultivated area has remained nearly constant (142 Mha) over the years, the only option to increase food production is to increase the productivity of land. The developed combination tillage implement comprises of two passive tillage implement one as front passive tillage implements and other as second passive tillage implement. In case of passive implements, power losses are more at tire-soil interface and also a considerable weight is required on drive wheels of tractor to provide necessary traction that results into detrimental soil compaction. The developed tillage implements were evaluated under actual field condition at different depth and operating speeds. The tillage performance parameters such as draft force, fuel consumption, wheel slip, power requirement was measured. A digital dynamometer was used for measurement of draft force of the tillage implement at different operating depths under field evaluation. The draw bar power requirement of the combination tillage implement was calculated. During field evaluation it was observed that the draft force of the cultivator with disc harrow (C-DH) found to vary from 190 to 220 kgf. The power requirement of combination tillage implement was observed as, 5.32, 9.866, 18.48 and 2.42, 6.3, 3, 7.7 and 0.46, 1.7, 3.5 kW at forward speed of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 km h-1, respectively.

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