AIMS It is unclear how the prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians in urban India compares to that of race/ethnic groups in the US that may have different underlying susceptibilities. Therefore we examined ethnic variations in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, iIFG, iIGT, IFG+IGT, and the associated risk factors in Asian Indians in Chennai, India, and Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses, using representative samples of 4,867 Asian Indians aged 20–74 years from Chennai, India in the Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia study (CARRS) (2010–2011) and 6,512 US Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics aged 20–74 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2012). RESULTS The age-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes was highest in Asian Indians (men; 29.0, 95% CI: 25.9, 31.0), women; (30.6, 95% CI, 27.5, 33.9)) and lowest in Caucasians (men; 12.2, 95% CI, 10.3, 14.4), women; 9.5 (7.9, 11.5). Asian Indians had the lowest prediabetes prevalence (men; 19.0 (17.2, 20.8); women 27.2, 95% CI, 22.8, 32.1)) and Caucasians had the highest (men; 46.5 (43.5, 49.6), women; 34.4, 95% CI, 31.7, 37.3). However, there were differences in prediabetes prevalence by gender and prediabetes state. The inclusion of HOMA-β in standardized polytomous logistic regression models resulted in a greater odds of diabetes in Blacks and Hispanics compared to Asian Indians. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians may be due to innate susceptibilities for β-cell dysfunction in this high risk population.

Kidney biopsies to elucidate the cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are performed in a minority of persons with CKD living in high-income countries, since associated conditions—that is, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease or obesity with pre-diabetes, prehypertension or dyslipidaemia—can inform management targeted at slowing CKD progression in a majority. However, attributes of CKD may differ substantially among persons living in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used data from population or community-based studies from five LMICs (China, urban India, Moldova, Nepal and Nigeria) to determine what proportion of persons with CKD living in diverse regions fit one of the three major clinical profiles, with data from the US National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey as reference. In the USA, urban India and Moldova, 79.0%–83.9%; in China and Nepal, 62.4%–66.7% and in Nigeria, 51.6% persons with CKD fit one of three established risk profiles. Diabetes was most common in urban India and vascular disease in Moldova (50.7% and 33.2% of persons with CKD in urban India and Moldova, respectively). In Nigeria, 17.8% of persons with CKD without established risk factors had albuminuria ≥300 mg/g, the highest proportion in any country. While the majority of persons with CKD in LMICs fit into one of three established risk profiles, the proportion of persons who have CKD without established risk factors is higher than in the USA. These findings can inform tailored CKD detection and management systems and highlight the importance of studying potential causes and outcomes of CKD without established risk factors in LMICs.

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