Two novel strains of actinobacteria, ZYC-3T and BH-SS-21T, were isolated from Hunan Province, PR China. The fermentation broth of BH-SS-21T inhibited the rapid spread of ginger blast, unlike that of ZYC-3T. The taxonomic characteristics of ZYC-3T and BH-SS-21T were defined using a polyphasic approach. The analysis of the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that ZYC-3T and BH-SS-21T represented members of the genus Streptomyces . ZYC-3T had less than 98.7% sequence similarities to all species of the genus Streptomyces , while BH-SS-21T exhibited 99.97, 98.95, 98.83, 98.82, 98.75 and less than 98.7% sequence similarities to 'Streptomyces dioscori' A217, Streptomyces ederensis JCM 4958T, Streptomyces glomeroaurantiacus NBRC 15418T, Streptomyces aurantiacus NBRC 13017T, Streptomyces umbrinus JCM 4521T and other species with validly published names in the genus Streptomyces . However, the digital DNA–DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values between ZYC-3T, BH-SS-21T, and their closely related strains were significantly lower than the recommended threshold values. Also, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic features distinguished ZYC-3T and BH-SS-21T from their reference strains. On the basis of their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strains ZYC-3T and BH-SS-21T were classified as representing novel species of the genus Streptomyces under the names Streptomyces liliifuscus sp. nov. ZYC-3T (=CICC 25040T=JCM 34560T=MCCC 1K04978T) and Streptomyces liliiviolaceus sp. nov. BH-SS-21T (=MCCC 1K06236T=JCM 34767T), respectively.

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An actinobacterium strain, designated BH-MK-02T, was isolated from the soil of Lilium brownii. The taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. Strain BH-MK-02T grew well on International Streptomyces Project series media and formed well-developed, branched substrate hyphae and aerial mycelium that differentiated into straight spore chains with a wrinkled surface. The diagnostic diamino acid was ll-diaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified lipid spots. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1  ω7c/C16 : 1  ω6c. The phenotypic characteristics of strain BH-MK-02T indicated that it belonged to the genus Streptomyces . Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BH-MK-02T was most closely related to Streptomyces aureus CGMCC 4.1833T (99.7 %). However, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the whole-genome sequences of strain BH-MK-02T and S. aureus CGMCC 4.1833T were 78.1 and 23.2 %, respectively, below the 96.7 and 70 % cut-off points respectively recommended for delineating Streptomyces species. Furthermore, the novel isolate could be distinguished from S. aureus CGMCC 4.1833T by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Based on all these data, strain BH-MK-02T (=MCCC 1K06237T=JCM 34789T) clearly represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces longhuiensis sp. nov. is proposed.