The study of the animal behavior is a useful tool to comprehend the performance of beef animals finished in feedlots. Twenty-eight non-castrated Nellore males with initial body weight of 441 kg and 21.5 months of age were randomly assigned to receive a diet containing either sorghum grain or crude glycerol as energy sources, and housed in individual (twelve animals) or collective pens (16 animals in four pens) at the School-Farm of IF Goiano (Iporá Campus). The experiment lasted 98 days (14 for adaptation and 84 for data collection). Feeding behaviors (eating, rumination, and resting) were determined every 14 days for one-hour intervals in four times post-feeding (0, 1, 5, and 9 hours). Feed sorting was evaluated every 14 days in three times post-feeding (4, 10, and 24 hours). Time spent eating was reduced (P<0.05) by crude glycerol in comparison with the sorghum grain diet (18.19 vs. 12.29 minutes/hour, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), while animals fed crude glycerol increased (P<0.05) the time spent resting compared with sorghum grainfed animals (26.23 vs. 32.85 minutes/hour, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively). Substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol increased (P<0.05) the preference for long (44.77 vs. 106.66%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), medium (64.95 vs. 105.78%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), and short (88.57 vs. 101.29%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively) particles, whereas sorghum grain increased (P<0.05) the preference for fine particles of the diet (112.36 vs. 100.03%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively). Crude glycerol can be recommended as a replacement for sorghum grain in rations fed to beef cattle.
<p>The objective of this study was to characterize the dairy-farming production system in Iporá and adjacent municipalities. In the present work 257 interviews were conducted from April to November 2013 in several locations. Mean milk production per farm was 207.9 liters/day and dairy cow yield was 7.8 liters/day. The indicators of pasture degradation was high (n=111/63.8%). Natural breeding was more frequent (n=155/82.4%) than artificial insemination (n=33/17.6%). Milking cows manually was more frequent (n=146/82.9%) than mechanical milking (n=30/17.1%). The most predominant milking construction was the roofless shed with packed earth floor (n=98/63.2%). Milk quality may be reduced due to certain procedures adopted during milking (48 herdsmen dry the saliva of the calf on the teat surface with the cow tail, 63 herdsmen remove the saliva of the calf on the teat surface by hand and dry it on the cow coat, and 67 herdsmen remove the saliva of the calf on the teat surface by hand and dry it on their pants). Vaccination against leptospirosis, bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and neosporosis was low (n=26, 24, 20 and 7, respectively). The dairy-farming production system in Iporá and surroundings needs improvements to increase milk production and create opportunities for rural development.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento rural baseada no sistema de produção de leite em Iporá e adjacências, Estado de Goiás</em></strong></p><p><strong>Resumo: </strong>objetivou-se nesse estudo caracterizar o sistema de produção de leite em Iporá e municípios adjacentes. Realizaram-se 257 entrevistas entre abril e novembro de 2013 em diversos locais. A produção de leite por fazenda foi de 207,9 litros/dia e a produtividade/vaca foi de 7,8 litros/dia. Os indicadores de degradação de pastagens foram altos (n=111/63,8%). A monta natural foi mais frequente (n=155/82,4%) que a inseminação artificial (n=33/17,6%). A ordenha manual foi mais frequente (n=146/82,9%) que a mecânica (n=30/17,1%). O tipo de construção predominante foi o barracão descoberto com piso de chão batido (n=98/63,2%). A qualidade do leite pode ser reduzida devido a certos procedimentos adotados durante a ordenha (48 ordenhadores secam a saliva do bezerro na superfície do teto com o rabo da vaca, 63 ordenhadores removem a saliva do bezerro na superfície do teto com a mão e a seca no pelo da vaca, e 67 ordenhadores removem a saliva do bezerro na superfície do teto com a mão e a seca na calça). A vacinação contra leptospirose, diarreia viral bovina, rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina e neosporose foi baixa (n= 26, 24, 20 e 7, respectivamente). O sistema de produção em Iporá e municípios adjacentes necessita de melhorias para aumento na produção de leite e oportunidades de desenvolvimento rural.</p><p> </p>
RESUMO.As forragens cumprem um papel essencial no desempenho de bovinos de corte em confinamento. Vinte e quatro machos não castrados Red Norte × Nelore com peso corporal (PC) inicial médio de 439,8 kg e 21,7 meses de idade foram distribuídos em três grupos experimentas e alojados em baias individuais (doze animais) ou coletivas (doze animais em três baias) na Fazenda-Escola do IF Goiano (Campus Iporá). O experimento teve duração de 84 dias (14 dias para adaptação e 70 dias para coleta de dados). Alimentaram-se os animais uma vez ao dia com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar in natura (Ci), silagem de cana (SC) ou silagem de milho (SM) como fontes de forragem. Avaliouse o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) diariamente pela diferença entre a quantidade oferecida menos a recusada, e registrou-se o PC dos animais a cada 14 dias após jejum de sólidos de doze horas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da fonte de forragem sobre o CMS nos animais alojados nas baias individuais, assim como não houve resposta (P>0,05) da fonte de forragem sobre o desempenho corporal. As fontes de forragem não alteraram (P>0,05) as características da carcaça. Os animais alojados nas baias individuais aumentaram (P < 0,05) o peso do trato gastrintestinal vazio (11,9 kg), comparados aos animais alojados nas baias coletivas (10,2 kg). Concluiu-se que as três fontes de forragem (Ci, SC e SM) podem ser recomendadas na alimentação de bovinos de corte em confinamento.Palavras chave: cana-de-açúcar, consumo, peso corporal, Red Norte, silagem de milho Performance of beef cattle fed different forages and housed in individual or collective pensABSTRACT. Forages play a key role on the performance of beef cattle in feedlot systems. Twenty-four non-castrated Red Norte × Nelore males with an average initial body weight (BW) of 439.8 kg and 21.7 months of age were distributed in three experimental groups, and housed either in individual or collective pens (twelve animals in individual pens and twelve in three collective pens) at the School-Farm of IF Goiano (Iporá Campus). The experiment lasted 84 days (14 days for adaptation and 70 days for data collection). Animals were fed once daily with diets containing in natura sugar cane (ISC), sugar cane silage (SCS) or corn silage (CS) as sources of forage. Feed refusals were measured daily and dry matter intake (DMI) was determined by difference. BW was recorded every two weeks after a twelve-hour fasting period. There was no effect (P>0.05) of source of forage on DMI in animals housed in individual pens, as well as there was no response (P>0.05) of source of forage on growth performance. The three sources of forage did not alter (P>0.05)
objetivou-se no presente estudo realizar o diagnóstico das características socioeconômicas dos produtores rurais de Iporá e municípios goianos circunvizinhos. Entrevistaram-se 257 produtores rurais entre abril de 2013 a abril de 2014 em reuniões e mutirões de comunidades rurais, lojas agropecuárias, durante a campanha de vacinação contra a febre aftosa e na 28ª Exposição Agropecuária de Iporá. Do total de entrevistados, 160 famílias residem na propriedade rural (62,2%), 152 produtores utilizam mão de obra exclusivamente familiar (59,1%) e 161 propriedades possuem até 100 ha (62,7%). A participação dos membros familiares no trabalho das atividades agropecuárias é elevada, predominando os cônjuges (n = 146) e filhos/filhas (n = 109). A bovinocultura de leite é a atividade agropecuária que mais contribui para o sustento das famílias (n = 180; 62,6%), porém a associação entre a produção de leite e demais atividades agropecuárias é baixa. Poucos produtores rurais estão organizados em associações (n = 81; 31,5%) ou cooperativas (n = 106; 41,2%), o que tem refletido no acesso ao mercado, apontado por 82 entrevistados como a segunda maior dificuldade para permanência na atividade rural. A maioria dos produtores tem utilizado agrotóxicos (n = 134) e fertilizantes à base de NPK (n = 147). Concluiu-se que os produtores rurais de Iporá e região dependem em grande parte da produção de leite para o sustento das suas famílias e enfrentam dificuldades no acesso ao mercado por estarem desarticulados, além de dependerem de muitos insumos externos à produção de alimentos.A perspective for rural development based on the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers from Iporá and surroundings, Goiás State/GOAbstract: the objective of the present study was to carry out the diagnosis of the socio-economic characteristics of farmers from Iporá and neighboring municipalities. Two hundred and fifty seven farmers were interviewed since April 2013 until April 2014 in rural-community meetings, agricultural retail stores, during the campaign of vaccination against the foot and mouth disease, and in the 28th Agricultural Exhibition of Iporá. Out of the total number of people interviewed, 160 families have lived on the farm (62.2%), 152 farmers have worked exclusively with family labor (59.1%) and 161 farms have a total area of up to 100 ha (62.7%). The participation of family members in the daily work of the farm has been high with predominance of spouses (n = 146) and sons/daughters (n = 109). Dairy farming has been the agricultural activity that mostly contributes to family livelihood (n = 180; 62.6%), however the association of dairy farming with other agricultural activities is low. A small number of producers is organized in farmers’ associations (n = 81; 31.5%) or cooperatives (n = 106; 41.2%), which has reflected in the access to the market, and reported by 82 respondents as the second most difficulty to remain in the rural activity. Most of the farmers have utilized agrochemicals (n = 134) and NPK fertilizers (n = 147). It has been concluded that farmers from Iporá and neighboring municipalities have mostly depended on milk production for the livelihood of their families and have faced difficulties to access the market due to disarticulation, besides the dependence on a lot of agricultural inputs for food production.
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