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The current emergence of major infectious diseases has become a global problem and a serious threat to people's lives and health security. Although the current epidemic prevention and control work in China has achieved certain results, the existing infectious disease surveillance and traceability system still has problems such as poor information circulation that need to be solved. This paper firstly points out the drawbacks of the current infectious disease monitoring and early warning system, then combined with the characteristics of blockchain technology, the survey method is used to investigate, analyze, and justify relevant application examples at home and abroad. Finally, this paper proposes the general idea and infrastructure for the design of an infectious disease monitoring and traceability system constructed based on blockchain technology. The study of using blockchain technology to empower infectious disease surveillance and traceability system can realize efficient processing of data, which is the key to early prevention and control of infectious diseases and has important theoretical significance and practical value to improve the efficiency of epidemic prevention and control.