No abstract

Stingray envenomation is one of the major problems in the marine and freshwater ecosystem. Accidents in human cause immediate, local and intense pain, erythema, edema, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis and secondary bacterial infection are also common. To determine the effect of two marine stingray species Dasyatis sephen and Aetobatis narinari venom extract on coagulation, fibrin(ogen)olytic, proteolytic activities. Plasma coagulation, Thrombin catalyzed fibrinocoagulation, Fibrin plate assay, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), substrate SDS-PAGE and thrombin like activity by using chromogenic substrate were used to determine the effect of venom on plasma coagulation, its fibrin(ogen)olytic and proteolytic activity. The results show the presence of fibrin(ogen)olytic, anticoagulant and gelatinolytic activity in both stingray venom extracts. D. sephen venom delays coagulation of citrated plasma more significantly than A. narinari upon using increasing concentration of the venom. The same results were obtained in the fibrinocoagulation assays. SDS-PAGE analysis of fibrinogen and fibrin after incubation with D. sephen and A. narinari venom show fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Through SDS-PAGE analysis it is confirmed that the delaying in coagulation process by stingray venom is due to its fibrin(ogen)olytic activity and fibrinolytic activity also confirmed through fibrin plate assay. Zymogram analysis shows the presence of array of gelatinolytic and fibrinogenolytic enzymes above 43-276 kDa in the D. sephen and A. narinari venom respectively. Protease inhibitor studies show the serine and metallo proteases are responsible for these activities. From the results, fibrinogenolytic, proteolytic activity of the stingray venom is confirmed, but it has no thrombin like activity and these activities may aid in hemorrhages, tissue necrosis and secondary bacterial infections at the site of envenomation.

The COVID-19 outbreak shocked the entire global economy and intensified the financial crisis. India is the fastest emerging economy that is severely affected by this pandemic scenario. The performance of the stock market is a reflection of the economic condition and growth of a country. The impact of COVID-19 on distinctive sectors of the Indian stock market is presented in this study, which intends to review various studies and provide significant insights on distinctive sectors of the Indian stock market during COVID-19. This study will help investors and stock brokers with managing and improving their portfolios of stock market investments as well as overcome the hurdles posed by the pandemic.

The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the global economy and intensified the unemployment crisis. India is the second most populated country in the world and one of the fastest developing countries. It has a severe unemployment crisis due to the economic burden on Indian businesses in the background of the declining economic situation caused by this pandemic situation. This article examines the effect of COVID-19 on the unemployment situation in India and will provide significant views of the effect on the unemployment rate with some suggestions for policy makers to make their policies to overcome this intense circumstance.