Immunotherapy has heralded the advent of a new era in oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enhance anti-tumor immunity, thereby reinvigorating a patient's immune system to fight cancer. While therapy with this class of agents has resulted in improved clinical outcomes for patients with multiple tumor types, a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may affect any organ system, with variable clinical presentations. Prompt recognition and management of irAEs are associated with improved irAE outcomes, and represents an important new clinical challenge for practicing oncologists. Herein, we provide a comprehensive case-based review of the most common and clinically-important irAEs, focussing on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management. We also examine future strategies that may provide meaningful insights into the prevention and management of irAEs.

Since the first launch of e-cigarette in 2003, their use has been drastically increasing every day. As per CDC, vapes, vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens, electronic cigarettes, and e-pipes are some of the many terms used to describe electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). These have been marketed as safer alternatives to traditional smoking. Considering the increasing use, there is little evidence on the effect of e-cigarette use in cardiac conditions. We aim to identify the prevalence of ecigarette smoking and the association between e-cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). METHODS:We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using the NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey) database from 2015 to 2018. We assessed CVDs (MCQ160c) and smoking status (E-cigarette:SMQ900 and SMQ905, Traditional smoking:SMQ020, and Dual smoking:e-cigaretteþTraditional smoking) using the questionnaire in the NHANES database. We conducted univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis to find an association between CVDs and e-cigarette smoking and compare the risk between e-cigarette, traditional, and dual smoking.