The administration of a prophylactic low dose of TXA did not have a significant effect in the management of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing spinal fixation surgery.

The growing interest in causal inference in recent years has led to new causal inference methodologies and their applications across disciplines and research domains. Yet, studies on spatial causal inference are still rare. Causal inference on spatial processes is faced with additional challenges, such as spatial dependency, spatial heterogeneity, and spatial effects. These challenges can lead to spurious results and subsequently, incorrect interpretations of the outcomes of causal analyses. Recognizing the growing importance of causal inference in the spatial domain, we conduct a systematic literature review on spatial causal inference based on a formal concept mapping. To identify how to assess and control for the adverse effects of spatial influences, we assess publications relevant to spatial causal inference based on criteria relating to application discipline, methods used, and techniques applied for managing issues related to spatial processes. We thus present a snapshot of state of the art in spatial causal inference and identify methodological gaps, weaknesses and challenges of current spatial inference studies, along with opportunities for future research.

Air route network optimization, one of the airspace planning challenges, effectively manages airspace resources toward increasing airspace capacity and reducing air traffic congestion. In this paper, the structure of the flight network in air transport is analyzed with a multi-objective genetic algorithm regarding Geographic Information System (GIS) which is used to optimize this Iran airlines topology to reduce the number of airways and the aggregation of passengers in aviation industries organization and also to reduce changes in airways and the travel time for travelers. The proposed model of this study is based on the combination of two topologiespoint-to-point and Hub-and-spoke -with multiple goals for causing a decrease in airways and travel length per passenger and also to reach the minimum number of air stops per passenger. The proposed Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is tested and assessed in data of the Iran airlines industry in 2018, as an example to real-world applications, to design Iran airline topology. MOGA is proven to be effective in general to solve a network-wide flight trajectory planning. Using the combination of point-to-point and Hub-and-spoke topologies can improve the performance of the MOGA algorithm. Based on Iran airline traffic patterns in 2018, the proposed model successfully decreased 50.8% of air routes (184 air routes) compared to the current situations while the average travel length and the average changes in routes were increased up to 13.8% (about 100 kilometers) and up to 18%, respectively. The proposed algorithm also suggests that the current air routes of Iran can be decreased up to 24.7% (89 airways) if the travel length and the number of changes increase up to 4.5% (32 kilometers) and 5%, respectively. Two intermediate airports were supposed for these experiments. The computational results show the potential benefits of the proposed model and the advantage of the algorithm. The structure of the flight network in air transport can significantly reduce operational cost while ensuring the operation safety. According to the results, this intelligent multi-object optimization model would be able to be successfully used for a precise design and efficient optimization of existing and new airline topologies.

The Bahar aquifer is one of the most economically important aquifers in the western part of Iran, covering the water demands for irrigation supplies. Intensive pumping for irrigation has caused a water table decline. The local water organisation has constructed a water storage structure to augment the groundwater resources. Groundwater recharge using water from the river via 13 dug wells and a related structure has been estimated as 2.7 million m 3 , for the hydrological year [2002][2003]. A threedimensional model was developed to predict the aquifer system response. The effect of radial flow was found to be 4 km, and the area covering this recharge more than 40 km 2 . The results of the numerical model could be used by local authorities and decision makers for groundwater resources management and planning. Finally, it is concluded that aquifer recharge is one environmental solution, as a part of integral water resources management. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉ SUMÉ L'aquifère Bahar qui couvre la demande en eau pour l'irrigation, est économiquement l'un des aquifères les plus importants dans la partie ouest de l'Iran. Des pompages intensifs pour l'irrigation ont provoqué la baisse de la nappe phréatique. L'organisation locale de l'eau a construit un stockage d'eau pour augmenter les ressources en eaux souterraines. La réalimentation de la nappe souterraine utilisant l'eau du fleuve par treize puits creusés et une structure associée a été estimée à 2,7 millions de mètres cubes, pour l'année hydrologique [2002][2003]. Un modèle tridimensionnel a été développé pour prédire la réponse du système aquifère. L'effet de l'écoulement radial a été estimé à 4 km, et la zone de recharge à plus de 40 km 2 . Les résultats du modèle numérique pourraient également être utilisés par les autorités locales et des décideurs pour la gestion des ressources en eaux souterraines et la planification. Enfin, il est conclu que la recharge des aquifères est une solution pour l'environnement, comme partie intégrante de la gestion des ressources en eau.

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