The study of price increases in five countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) aimed to assess the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the rate of HICP inflation in two short-term perspectives: after the first month and after the first year of the introduction of the euro in these countries. The following hypothesis was put forward: prices after the introduction of the euro are contained in the inflation target, that is, there can be no substantial increase, and contrasting views on the issue are only an effect of illusion, that is, the difference between actual and perceived inflation level. The research was carried out using the comparative method. They show that the inflation effect in the euro-adopting countries was clearly convergent with the level of price growth recorded at the same time in other European Union countries, including those already with a single currency. The result is that the reasons for excessive price growth in the short-term perspective should not be sought in connection with the introduction of the euro, but rather explained by e.g. the convergence of business cycles with these euro area countries in which HICP inflation target exceedance was recorded at the same time. There can be also any other conditions that affect price growth in all European countries, regardless of whether they belong to euro area or have its national currencies.
Polska, Republika Czeska, Węgry, Słowacja, Rumunia, Bułgaria, Chorwacja, Słowenia, Estonia, Łotwa i Litwa stanowią grupę krajów pod wieloma względami podobną do siebie. Łączy je przejście procesu transformacji systemowej, relatywnie niedawno stały się członkami Unii Europejskiej, wszystkie zaliczają się do biedniejszych członków tego ugrupowania, więc są określane mianem gospodarek doganiających. Procesy konwergencji ekonomicznej tych państw z bogatszymi („starymi”) krajami UE są ważnym i aktualnym przedmiotem badań. Tym co różni członków UE z Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej jest fakt, że 6 z nich pozostaje przy walutach narodowych, ale pozostałe 5 jest już członkami strefy euro. Celem badań jest ocena średnioterminowych efektów makroekonomicznych przyjęcia euro przez kraje Europy Środkowo – Wschodniej. Podstawą tej oceny jest określenie stopnia realnej konwergencji tych krajów, z 12-stką państw Unii Europejskiej, tzw. starych członków strefy euro. Jako punkt odniesienia do analizy włączono także te kraje członkowskie UE z Europy Środkowo – Wschodniej, które pozostają przy własnej walucie. Głównym pytaniem badawczym jest to, czy kraje EŚW po przyjęciu euro doganiają „stare kraje” członkowskie szybciej niż te, które pozostają przy własnych walutach? Analizie poddano szereg wskaźników makroekonomicznych: poziom i tempo wzrostu PKB, konsumpcji gospodarstw domowych, inwestycji, eksportu i importu, wskaźniki zatrudnienia i bezrobocia, stóp procentowych, inflacji, deficytu finansów publicznych oraz długu publicznego. Wykorzystano model konwergencji β oraz σ. Stopień synchronizacji cykli koniunkturalnych oszacowano przy użyciu analizy morfologicznej. Zakres czasowy badań to lata 2005 – 2019. Źródłem danych jest Eurostat. Jeśli za miarę syntetycznej oceny procesów konwergencji gospodarczej przyjąć dynamikę PKB, to na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, iż taki proces pomiędzy badanymi krajami jest faktem. Wszystkie badane kraje indywidualnie, jak również i te, posiadające własne waluty, a traktowane w badaniu jako 1 grupa, wykazywały przeciętne wyższe tempo wzrostu PKB od państw UE-12. Należy podkreślić, że przyjęcie euro nie jest cudownym panaceum na wszelkie bolączki i problemy. Trudno wskazać jeden wzorzec zmian badanych wskaźników po akcesji do strefy euro, silny jest również wpływ zmian koniunktury gospodarczej. Jakkolwiek w badanym okresie poszczególne wskaźniki ekonomiczne badanych krajów kształtowały się różnie, to jednak kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej z euro osiągnęły generalnie większy poziom konwergencji ze starymi krajami strefy euro UE-12, niż pozostałe kraje EŚW bez euro. Korzyść płynąca z przyjęcia wspólnej waluty jest tym większa, im dłuższy jest staż tego członkostwa.
Motivation: Based on theory, the introduction of a single currency should cause a decrease in transaction costs, which in effect should lead to a drop in consumer prices. However, there is a common perception that the introduction of the single currency is conductive to excessive price increases with this providing a sufficient justification against the introduction of the euro. People subjectively estimate information on a certain economic phenomenon, and that estimation may not necessarily correspond to facts. The discrepancy between perceived inflation and its actual level in the new euro area member states may result from different inflation levels among varying consumption categories. Aim: The aim of the presented research is to assess the impact of the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the inflation rate in a breakdown by COICOP category in 5 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which in the years 2007-2015 adopted the common EU currency. Results: The research was carried out using the comparative method. The inflation indicators were used in 12 categories of classification of individual consumption by purpose (COICOP). The research was conducted using a medium-term perspective: from the five years before the adoption of the euro to five years after its implementation. After the adoption of the euro, prices grew faster than the general indicator of inflation in two COICOP categories. The first of them was restaurants and hotels; while the second was alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics. In the case of other inflation categories, no regularity was observed. In all investigated Central and Eastern European countries, the medium-term HICP inflation was lower after euro adoption than before.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the adequacy of discretionary fiscal policy, implemented at the national level, on the course of regional business fluctuations in Poland. Research is conducted as follows: identification of regional business cycles, identification of national fiscal policy as restrictive or expansive, and comparison of fiscal policy adequacy and phases of regional business cycles. In order to separate a cyclical factor from the empirical data, the Christiano-Fitzgerald asymmetrical filter was exploited. The character of discretional fiscal policy was evaluated on the basis of cyclically adjusted primary balance, as well as positive or negative output gap. The empirical results show that fiscal policy is not always cyclically appropriate for all 16 Polish regions.mThe reason for this is divergence among Polish regions both in the matter of regional business cycle morphology, and in the aspect of phase shifts.
Motivation: In a referendum on June 23, 2016, the British people voted to leave the European Union. No nation state has ever left the EU. The theory and practice of European integration is rich, but scientific studies considering the opposite situation thus far do not exist. So the question of economic consequences caused by Great Britain leaving the European Union is very pertinent. Aim: The aim of this article is to identify and discuss the direct economic consequences of Great Britain leaving the European Union. The analysis was performed for the United Kingdom and for the European Union. Poland is a part of the EU. Therefore, among the effects on the EU side of the research there is an emphasis on the results for Poland. The effect of budgets, trade and migration has been analyzed. Results: The effects of the United Kingdom leaving the EU will be more unfavorable for the UK than for the EU. The amount of losses depends on the type of Brexit. A soft Brexit means a relatively slow negotiation designed to retain as close as possible a relationship with the rest of the EU. Access to the EU's single market will reduce losses due to having as few tariffs as possible. A hard Brexit would mean getting out of the EU quickly, having no institutional or political relationship with the union, and regaining full control of UK borders. Therefore, a negotiated free trade deal with the EU would seem to reduce losses for everyone.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.