As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.

This paper deals with the efficiency of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilization on yields and value of N:S ratio for hybrid ryegrass cultivated in monoculture and in a mix with white clover. The research was carried out from 2011-2013 near Krakow in southern Poland. Plants were evaluated in the context of diversified fertilization with nitrogen at rates of 50 and 100 kg N/ha as well as two sulphur-based fertilizers: Arista siarka and Pro-siarka, used at rates of 5, 10, 15 kg S/ha. Independent research findings have shown a clear synergism between nitrogen and sulphur, namely fertilization with sulphur in the form of Arysta siarka and Pro-siarka fertilizers that increased the yields of total aboveground biomass of the plants, from all cuts and decreased the values of the N:S ratio. The highest average dry matter yield was determined after the use of 50 kg N/ha and 15 kg S/ha in the form of Pro-siarka fertilizer, compared to fertilization with 50 kg N/ha, amounting to 0.52-2.08 t/ha for hybrid ryegrass and 0.15-2.40 t/ha for hybrid ryegrass with white clover, respectively. The highest average narrowing of the N:S ratio was calculated in plants fertilized with 100 kg N/ha and 15 kg S/ha in the form of Pro-siarka fertilizer.

Czasopismo Open Access, wszystkie artykuły udostępniane są na mocy licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-użycie niekomercyjne-na tych samych warunkach 4.

The aim of this paper was a synthetic evaluation of selected aspects of the economic and ecological potential of the Pieniny, one of the most interesting medium-height mountain ranges in the Carpathians. The paper is an attempt to analyse the potential of protected areas of Pieniny Region, especially the Pieniny National Park. Economic interest and nature conservation as pursued by the national park and supported by the specific, individual farms, seem to be related to a significant extent. Except for the highly developed non-agricultural entrepreneurship in the Pieniny communes, including tourism and the related services, smallscale, dispersed agricultural production is important here. Sheep are kept in small herds and the majority of them are handed over for collective grazing during the season. They are grazed in 12 herds, one of which is involved in the environment-friendly cultural grazing in the Pieniny National Park. Sheep grazing in the pasture lands and abandoned arable land helps to maintain the biodiversity and the attractiveness of the cultural landscape, and tourists can buy sheep's cheese produced by the local people, who live in the Pieniny.