Post translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in variety of cellular activities and phosphorylation is one of the most extensively studied PTM, which regulates a number of cellular functions like cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and cell signaling in healthy condition. However, alterations in phosphorylation pathways result in serious outcomes in the form of diseases, especially cancer. Many signalling pathways including Tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, Cadherin-catenin complex, Cyclin-dependent kinase etc. are major players of the cell cycle and deregulation in their phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade has been shown to be manifested in the form of various types of cancers. Tyrosine kinase family encompasses the greatest number of oncoproteins. MAPK cascade has an importance role in cancer growth and progression. Bcl-2 family proteins serve either proapoptotic or antiapoptotic function. Cadherin-catenin complex regulates cell adhesion properties and cyclins are the key regulators of cell cycle. Altered phosphorylations in any of the above pathways are strongly associated with cancer, at the same time they serve as the potential tergets for drug development against cancer. Drugs targeting tyrosine kinase are potent anticancer drugs. Inhibitors of MEK, PI3K and ERK signalling pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Thus, drugs targeting phosphorylation pathways represent a promising area for cancer therapy.

Introduction ConclusionsReferences Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Print VersionInteractive Discussion EGU AbstractThe present study is focused on an examination of the correlation relationships for hydraulic permeability and transmissivity with electrical resistivity in a range of fractured and alluvial aquifers. The observed permeability data for fractured rock aquifers at some locations is correlated nonlinearly with electrical resistivity of the aquifers esti-5 mated from resistivity sounding data and it is found that the permeability of the aquifer in this region exponentially decreases with increase in resistivity. Permeability of the hard rock aquifer within the weathered zone and alluvium aquifers increases exponentially with increase in resistivity, and transmissivity decreases exponentially. However, in case of fracture rock and sandwiched aquifers, transmissivity increases exponen-10 tially with increase in resistivity. An attempt has been made to find general functional relationship between hydraulic parameters and resistivity of the aquifer, and therefore, published and observed data from India and other parts of the world has been taken under consideration. It is found that for fracture rock and alluvium aquifers, permeability and the transmissivity are best defined as the exponential functions of aquifer resistiv-15 ity. The application of electrical parameters obtained from resistivity data for evaluation of hydraulic parameters has been demonstrated in detail within the Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad (India). The empirical relations between aquifer parameters and resistivity are established for transforming resistivity distribution into permeability and transmissivity of the aquifer. The information thus obtained from resistivity data on 20 permeability of the aquifer and transmissivity distribution in the study area can be used for optimal use and assessment of water resources. 25 civil engineering structures. Hydraulic conductivity/permeability (K ), Transmissivity (T ), 918 HESSD2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables HESSD 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables HESSD 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables HESSD 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Print Version Interactive Discussion EGU Results and discussionsInterestingly, in all cases permeability and transmissivity prove best correlated with resistivity if a nonlinear, exponential curve is fitted. Alluvium aquifersPublished data on alluvial aquifers from U.P., India (Sriniwas and Singhal, 1985), and 5 HESSD 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables weathered rock cases (Figs. 3a and 3b). The following two expressions are obtained 924 HESSD 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables 2, 917-938, 2005 Abstract Introduction Conclusions References...

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IMPORTANCESurgery is a teachable moment, and smoking cessation interventions that coincide with an episode of surgical care are especially effective. Implementing these interventions at a large scale requires understanding the prevalence and characteristics of smoking among surgical patients. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence of smoking in a population of patients undergoing common surgical procedures and to identify any clinical or demographic characteristics associated with smoking. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study included all adult patients (aged Ն18 years) in a statewide registry who underwent general and vascular surgical procedures from 2012 to 2019 at 70 hospitals in Michigan. Data analysis was conducted from August to October 2020.EXPOSURES Undergoing a surgical procedure in any of the following categories: appendectomy, cholecystectomy, colon procedures, gastric or esophageal procedures, hepatopancreatobiliary procedures, hernia repair, small-bowel procedures, hysterectomy, vascular procedures, thyroidectomy, and other unspecific abdominal procedures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe prevalence of smoking prior to surgery, defined as cigarette use in the year prior to surgery, obtained from medical record review. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze smoking prevalence based on insurance type and year of surgery while adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, including age, sex, race/ethnicity (determined from the medical record), insurance type, geographic region, comorbidities (ie, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic steroid use, and obstructive sleep apnea), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, admission status, surgical priority, procedure type, and year of surgery. RESULTSFrom 2012 to 2019, 328 578 patients underwent surgery and were included in analysis.Mean (SD) age was 54.0 (17.0) years, and 197 501 patients (60.1%) were women. The overall prevalence of smoking was 24.1% (79 152 patients). Prevalence varied regionally from 21.5% (95% CI, 21.0%-21.9%; 6686 of 31 172 patients) in southeast Michigan to 28.0% (95% CI, 27.1%-28.9%; 2696 of 9614 patients) in northeast Michigan. When adjusting for clinical and demographic factors, there were greater odds of smoking among patients with Medicaid (odds ratio [OR], 2.75; 95% CI, 2.69-2.82) and patients without insurance (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 2.10-2.33) compared with patients with private insurance. Among procedure categories, patients undergoing vascular surgery had greater odds of smoking (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, than those undergoing cholecystectomy. Compared with 2012, the adjusted odds of smoking decreased significantly each year (eg, 2019: OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74-0.81). In 2019, the adjusted prevalence of smoking was 22.3% (95% CI, 22.0%-22.7%) among all patients, 43.0% (95% CI, 42.4%-43.6%) among patients with Medicaid, and 36.3% (95% CI, 35.2%-37.4%) among patients without insurance. (continued) Key Points Question What is the ...