Background: The novel Corona virus (SARS COV-2) causes respiratory tract infection that has been labeled as Covid-19. It was declared a pandemic by WHO on 30th of January 2020. So far, COVID-19 has involved 218 countries and territories with 135,338,376 total cases and 2,929,315 total deaths. This virus causes severe respiratory distress syndrome and usually present with dry cough, fever, respiratory distress, and myalgia. Interestingly, patients have shown various nonspecific presentations and Anosmia is also a prominent nonspecific feature. Aim: To find out the overall progress, duration and recovery of Covid-19 related loss of smell (anosmia). Methods: This is a retrospective online study in which 45 patients were included. Data was collected by using ‘Google survey form’. Only those patients, who were confirmed cases of Covid-19 (diagnosed by PCR) and who lost their smell at least 3 month earlier, were included in this study. The Statistical analysis of collected data was then carried out by using SPSS software. Results: Out of 45 patients 17(37.8%) were male and 28(62.2%) were female (male to female ratio of 1:1.6). 71.2% of the respondents were up to 40years of age. 12(26.7%) patients were between 41 to 50 years, while only one patient (2.2%) was between 51 to 60 years. In 43 patients (95.6%) the anosmia was reversible. In two of our respondents (4.4%), the smell sensation didn’t return even after 3 months. Conclusion: The anosmia in Covid-19 is mostly reversible and in most of the patients its duration is less than 2 weeks. Keywords: Anosmia, Covid-19, SARS COV-2

Objective: To assess the efficacy and quality of life after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in individuals who have chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: This prospective study was held in the department of ENT of Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital and ENT, Head and Neck Surgery department, Pak International Medical College and Peshawar Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Hayatabad Peshawar for the duration from September 2021 to September 2022. The study had 80 patients in total who underwent FESS surgery. Inclusion criteria: radiographically and clinically suggested disease of the paranasal sinuses and nose, such as rhinosporidiosis, nasal polyposis, chronic recurrent acute sinusitis and patients who are not improving after receiving the proper surgical care (antral lavage) and medical care. Exclusion criteria: Nasal and paranasal sinus Malignant conditions. Patients with acute sinusitis who have been diagnosed with intracranial complications and patients with intracranial complications. The data was analyzed with SPSS 21.0. Results: There were 80 patients in total. In this study, ethmoid polyps were operated in 30 (37.5%) patients, chronic rhinosinusitis in 23 (28.8%), Antrochoanal polyps in 12 (15%) patients, rhinosporidiosis in 10 (12.5%) patients, and in 5 (6.2%) patients with inverted papilloma’s were operated.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the improvement of auditory brainstem response against hearing loss risk factors among new born babies. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration: Bahawalpur Medical and Dental College, Bahawalpur and General Hospital, Lahore. Jan, 2021 to June, 2021 Methods: There were one hundred and thirty high risk infants were presented in this study. Birth weight and gestational age as well as transfusion and asphyxiation rates were documented once the parents provided written permission. Included patients had absent ABR or ABR thresholds ≥80 dBnHL. ABR testing during natural or chloral hydrate-induced sleep was part of the audiologist's examination. Patients with aberrant ABR responses underwent further testing, including optical absorption empiricism (OAE). Measurements of immittance were performed as necessary. All data was analyzed by using SPSS 22.0. Results: Among 130 cases, majority of the infants were males 85 (65.4%) and 45 (34.6%) infants were females. Mean gestational age of the infants was 35.11± 6.42 weeks. Mean weight of the infants was 1899.1± 2.654 grams. Frequency of severe birth asphyxia was seen in 65 (50%) cases. We found exchange transfusion in 25 (19.2%) cases. Improvement in ABR threshold was seen in 70 (53.8%) cases, partial improvement in 27 (20.8%) cases and no improvement was seen in 33 (25.4%) cases. After 3-4 months among patients of no/partial improvement, 42 (70%) patients were improved and no improvement was seen in 18 (30%) cases. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the hearing loss can be improved in infants by early ear screening by using ABR thresholds. Re-screening of ABR thresholds provided better results among infants. Staged further hearing testing of babies is needed to monitor hearing development at an early age utilizing repeated ABR measures to identify hearing impairment and detect threshold changes crucial for treatment decision-making. Keywords: Infants, ABR thresholds, Improvement, OAE

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of intranasal splints in preventing nasal adhesion. Study Design: Descriptive case series Place and Duration: The study was conducted at ENT department of Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar and Chaudhary Muhammad Akram Teaching and Research Hospital, Lahore for the duration of six months April 2021 to September 2021. Methods: There were 120 participants of both sexes in this research. In this study, the patients ranged in age from 16 to 50 years old. Patient demographics, such as gender, age, and height/weight were logged with their informed written consent. During general anesthesia, a patient with a deviated nasal septum and septoplasty was selected for the procedure. Immediately following the septoplasty treatment, the patient had intra-nasal splints and nasal packing placed. The nasal packing was removed on the second postoperative day, while the nasal splints were removed on the 15th day after surgery. After a three-week follow-up, frequency of nasal adhesion was calculated. Data were analyzed 24.0. Results: Among 120 cases, 75 patients, 59.2% were between the ages of 26 and 40.The mean age of the patients was 26.34±7.51 years with mean BMI 23.07±9.44 kg/m2. Most of the cases were 67 (55.8%) male and 53 (44.2%) were females. Nasal obstruction was found among 53 (44.2%) patients, frequency of rhinorrhea was 33 (27.5%) and mixed symptoms were found in 20 (16.7%). At final follow up prevalence of nasal adhesion was found in 9 (7.5%). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, intranasal splints were an efficient and safe treatment for preventing nasal adhesion after septoplasty. Keywords: Septoplasty, Intra nasal adhesions, Deviated nasal septum, Intra nasal splints

Objective: The purpose of our study is to compare the outcomes in terms of blood loss, post-operative hemorrhage and operative time between bipolar diathermy and suture ligation for hemostasis in tonsillectomy. Study Design: Randomized Control trial Place and Duration: The study was conducted at ENT department of Peshawar Medical College Peshawar and Chaudhary Muhammad Akram Teaching and Research Hospital Lahore during the period from February 2020 to July 2020. Methods: There were ninety four patients of both genders with ages 5-40 years were presented. Included patients had chronic tonsillitis. After obtaining informed permission, the recruited patients' demographic data, including their age and gender, was recoded. Patients were equally categorized in two groups. Group I had 47 patients and received bipolar diathermy and group II received suture ligation among 47 cases. Outcomes among both groups were calculated and compared in terms of operative time, blood loss and post-operative complications. SPSS 25.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results: Majority of the patients were males 55 (58.5%) and the rest were females 39 (41.5%) in study. In patients of bipolar diathermy mean age were 14.11±4.55 years while in group II mean age was 13.32±6.49 years. Number of left side tonsils in group I was among 25 (53.2%) patients and in group II left tonsils found in 30 (63.8%) cases. Mean operative time in group I was lower 11.9±8.88 minutes as compared to group II 15.4±4.35 minutes with p value <0.03. Mean blood loss in group II was significantly higher 40.15±7.71 mL as compared to group I 25.4±6.42 mL with p value <0.04. There was no any case found of post-operative hemorrhage in both groups. Frequency of ligatures among group I was 2 (4.3%) significantly lower than group II in 45 (95.7%) cases. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the use of bipolar diathermy for hemostasis in tonsillectomy was beneficial and efficient in terms of less operative time with less blood loss as compared to suture ligation technique. Except this both technique are beneficial in term of post-operative hemorrhage which was not observed in both groups. Keywords: Bipolar Diathermy, Hemostasis Tonsillectomy, Suture Ligation, Hemorrhage, Blood Loss