Heavy metals toxicity in the human being is creating an alarming condition in the world. Not only are these metals largely effecting the growth of many plants but also the consumer's health. In sector of agriculture for many years Pakistan is facing the reduction in availability of edible oil. The demand is fulfilled by importation by spending huge cost. Brassica campestris L. is very important oil seed crop of Pakistan that is providing 31% of total oil seed production in Pakistan. But due to toxicity of metals like Cd and Pb its growth and yield is decreasing. Keeping in view the importance of Brassica campestris L. in Pakistan an experiment was conducted using Pollutary manure biochar as a reclaiming agent for heavy metals and an amendment as drought stress reducer to check the improvement in yield of Brassica campestris L. It is found that biochar application not only gave positive correlation in immobilization of Pb and Cd but also improves the plants growth and yield. Enhancements in the Photosynthetic and Accessory pigments are observed regarding good vegetative growth. Thus biochar can be utilized in reducing the metals uptake as well as growth promoter.

1979 unveiled political events of the Iranian Revolution, the siege of Mecca, and the Afghan war that entirely shaped the political dynamics of the Muslim world, including the struggle for regional influence between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Issues like sectarianism, insurgency, humanitarian crisis, violation of women's rights, and uprisings in different parts of the Muslim world ensued. The paper is an attempt to understand the radical legacy of 1979: its impact on social tolerance and the sectarian rift between Shias and Sunnis in Pakistan. The data was collected through questionnaires from the students of public and private sector universities of South Punjab in Pakistan. A quantitative analysis of the data gauged the students' tolerance for the opposite sect and their perception of external influences on the sectarian divide in the country. The study revealed that students in the universities of Southern Punjab are not generally hostile to their out-of-sect social connections. It is recommended that students be made aware of issues like sectarianism in Pakistan and the role of regional politics to prevent them from falling prey to extremism.

Despite the smooth transition of power from the British colonists to the Sri Lankan Sinhalese in 1949, Sri Lanka inherited considerable challenges. There has been conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils post-independence which led to a long and brutal civil war from 1983 to 2009. After the culmination of the civil war, Sri Lanka confronted numerous obstacles in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the country. Drawing from Birch’s model of national integration, this study attempts to examine the diverse political, economic, and social challenges facing Sri Lanka. The review shows that Sri Lanka needs critical nation building in the following areas: (i) Infrastructural development, (ii) Resettlements and rehabilitation of displaced populations (iii) Ethnic and religious integration, (iv) Equality in political representation, (v) Educational and employment policies, (vi) Gender equality policies, and (vii) mental health interventions for children and women. The role of international bodies, like the United Nations Human Rights Council, and neighboring countries is key to creating pressure for national integration and growth. There is fear that if national unity is not at the forefront of state and international policy for Sri Lanka, conflict and instability may arise again.