Tooth movement by orthodontic treatment is characterized by remodeling changes in the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. A reflection of these phenomenons can be found in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of moving teeth, with significant elevations in the concentrations of its components like, cytokines, neurotransmitters, growth Factors, and a arachidonic acid metabolites. GCF arises at the gingival margin and can be described as a transudate or an exudate. Several studies have focused on the composition of GCF and the changes that occur during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). GCF component analysis is a non-invasive method for studying the cellular response of the underlying periodontium. Clinically, GCF can be easily collected using platinum loops, filter paper strips, gingival washings, and micropipettes. A number of GCF biomarkers involve in bone remodeling during OTM. The data suggest that knowledge of all the biomarkers present in the GCF that can be used to mark the changes in tooth that is undergoing orthodontic treatment may be of clinical usefulness leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten treatment time and avoid side effects.

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Background:The strength of endodontically treated teeth depends on the remaining amount of tooth structure after canal preparation. Epoxy resin sealers like AH Plus was found to bond better to the core obturation material and root dentine. Hence, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the efficacy of root canal sealers in obturated root canals. Materials & methods:A total of 30 freshly extracted mandibular first premolars were collected and enrolled. Decoronation of all the specimens was done. Random division of all the samples was done in three study groups with ten specimens in each group as follows: Group 1: AH Plus sealer, Group 2: Tubliseal sealer, and Group 3: FUJI -1 sealer. Obturation was carried out using the single-cone technique. Stereoscopic examination of the internal aspects of the sealer coated canals was done, followed by a calculation of the total percentage of the sealer-coated perimeter of the canal.Results: Mean percentage of the sealer coated perimeter of the canal among group 1 specimens, group 2 specimens and group 3 specimens was 95.45%, 98.28% and 91.11%, respectively. While analyzing statistically, it was seen that the highest percentage of sealer coated perimeter was found to be of Tubliseal and lowest for FUJI-1, the results of which were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion:Highest percentage of sealer coated perimeter was found to be of Tubliseal and lowest for FUJI-1.