Scanning electron microscope studies of exposed dentin revealed superficial surface accumulations and intratubular changes.

Dental hard tissues have been studied by the use of the scanning electron microscope, but Tomes' fibers which occupy the dentinal tubules have not yet been observed in detail. In the present study, the scanning electron microscope shows Tomes' fibers very clearly.

KOLLMANN[5] to be that portion of hypocalcified area occured by an imperfect union of calcospherites appearing in the calcification of dentin through its formative process.In the published native literature, ISOKAWA et al.[6] established the interglobular space as an imperfectly calcified portion as a result of their historadiographic analysis.In an effort to study universal morphology of the interglobular space, KATAYAMA [7], NISHIYAMA [8], ERVA [9] and NAKAJIMA[10] used the permanent teeth, whereas ISOKAWA et al. [11] made use of the deciduous teeth, the latter carrying out observations by means of semi-serial ground sections. Consensus of their opinions indicates that the interglobular space can be regarded as a universal structure except for the deciduous incisors and canines in man.On the other hand, FUJITA [12] in his textbook on Dental Histology describes that the interglobular space is altogether lacking in teeth other than those of man and, if there should be found at all, it is a very rare phenomenon. However, as early as in 1926 BREUER [13] attested to the existence of this interglobular space in the badger (Meles anakuma), ADOLFF[14] in the seaunicon (Monodon), and DIECKMANN[15], GOLDBERG [16] and MUMMERY [17] respectively found the interglobular space in a few species of mammalians. Inspite of these published findings, however, it is not possible to state definitely that the interglobular space is a universally found structure in the mammalian teeth: the reason is that the space is not invariably found in every tooth of the same mammalian dentition. Usual practice of preparing one or two ground sections from one tooth certainly leaves room for a possibility of missing the interglobular space even if it exists there.In the present study, the authors concerned themselves with semi-serial ground sections prepared from as many as 21 mammalians in order to ascertain the existence of this space in them.

The existent research details pedagogical benefits of infographics in enhancing communication, comprehension, learning, and motivation, while more research on the potential educational benefits of using infographics is needed regarding their application in second language acquisition. The aim of this study was specifically to investigate the effects of using infographics as a supplemental teaching tool in EFL classes with a focus on learning outcomes and English learning motivation. The study was conducted in two lower-intermediate English classes at a Japanese university. An infographic of the grammar points of simple past/past continuous was designed and applied as a supplement to the textbook-related content. One class was taught in a textbook-infographic order and the other vice versa. Participants’ understanding of the target grammar points and English learning motivation were measured. The findings suggested that students were able to learn effectively using the provided infographics, but it is more effective to use infographics after the textbook teaching. Students showed higher English language learning motivation after the interventions and a high interest in using infographics in their English language course. Teaching advices on using infographics in EFL classes were discussed.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0258/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

No abstract