RESUMO:Própolis é uma mistura complexa, formada por material resinoso e balsâmico. Sua composição química é complexa e variada, estando relacionada com a fl ora de cada região visitada pelas abelhas e com o período de coleta da resina. Inclui fl avonóides, ácidos aromáticos, terpenóides e fenilpropanóides, ácidos graxos e vários outros compostos. A própolis tem sido objeto de intensos estudos farmacológicos e químicos nos últimos 30 anos. Em várias partes do mundo é indicada para melhorar a saúde e prevenir doenças. Atualmente, é disponível em várias formas farmacêuticas como cápsulas, extratos, enxaguatório bucal, na forma de pó, entre outras. Ainda são necessários estudos correlacionando a composição química com a atividade biológica, defi nindo cada tipo de própolis com a sua aplicação terapêutica. É uma tarefa imprescindível para um mercado cada vez maior e exigente em todo o mundo.Unitermos: Própolis, constituintes químicos, atividade biológica.ABSTRACT: "Propolis: updates on chemistry and pharmacology". Propolis (bee glue) is a complex mixture, formed by resinous and balsamic material. Its chemical composition is variable and complex, being related with the fl ora of each region visited by the bees and with the period of resins collection. Flavonoids, aromatic acids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids, fatty acids, and other compounds are found in propolis. In the last 30 years, propolis has become subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies. In different parts of the world it is indicated to improve health and prevent illnesses. Currently, it is available in some pharmaceutical forms as capsules, extracts, mouthrinses, powder form, among others. Indeed, studies correlating the chemical composition with the biological activity are necessary, defi ning each type of propolis with its therapeutic application. It is an essential task for a market ever bigger and demanding in the whole word.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that has direct adverse effects on maternal and infant health through vertical Treponema pallidum transmission during early pregnancy. We evaluated congenital syphilis as a predictor of the quality of basic maternal and child healthcare in Brazil during 2010–2015. We investigated case rates and correlations with epidemiologic and socioeconomic indicators. We observed rising congenital syphilis incidence rates and increasing syphilis-associated perinatal and infant mortality rates in all regions. Case rates were highest in the Northeast, Southeast, and South, and congenital syphilis infant mortality rates were highest in the Northeast and Southeast. We observed correlations between congenital syphilis rates and infant death, spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), and stillbirth rates. We also noted correlations between rates of stillbirth caused by syphilis and inadequate prenatal care. Our study suggests gaps in basic healthcare for pregnant women and indicates the urgent need for measures to increase early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

RESUMO: Aspectos farmacognósticos de Croton rhamnifolius H.B.K. e C. rhamnifolioidesPax & Hoffm. foram comparados. Evocou-se a farmacogeografia do gênero em Pernambuco, bem como a farmacoetimologia, farmacoetnologia, farmacobotânica e a farmacoquímica das espécies citadas. Este estudo permitiu localizar os taxa nesse Estado, conhecer seus nomes vulgares e suas utilizações, segundo a população local. Comparou-se também as características botânicas e finalizou-se com um estudo fitoquímico, que evidenciou os protocolos extrativos, e a caracterização dos principais grupos de substância presentes nos dois taxa: polifenóis, terpenóides, alcalóides e açúcares redutores. have been compared. The parameters applied for such comparison were the pharmacogeography concerning this genus in Pernambuco, as well as the pharmacoetymology, the pharmacoethnology, the pharmacobotany and the pharmacochemistry, all of which related to both species above mentioned. Not only was the present study able to ascertain the species' rate regarding the State, but also to determine its medical usage and denomination among the locals. The botanical characteristics were compared and a phytochemical analysis was carried out in order to establish the extractive procedures and also the main molecule's rate found on both: terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols and reducting sugars.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the spectrophotometric methodology for determining the total flavonoid content (TFC) in herbal drug and derived products from Bauhinia monandra Kurz. Several analytical parameters from this method grounded on the complex formed between flavonoids and AlCl3 were evaluated such as herbal amount (0.25 to 1.25 g); solvent composition (ethanol 40 to 80%, v/v); as well as the reaction time and AlCl3 concentration (2 to 9%, w/v). The method was adjusted to aqueous extractives and its performance studied through precision, linearity and preliminary robustness. The results showed an important dependence of the method response from reaction time, AlCl3 concentration, sample amount, and solvent mixture. After choosing the optimized condition, the method was applied for the matrixes (herbal material and extractives), showing precision lower than 5% (for both parameters repeatability and intermediate precision), coefficient of determination higher than 0.99, and no important influence could be observed for slight variations from wavelength or AlCl3 concentration. Thus, it could be concluded that the evaluated analytical procedure was suitable to quantify the total flavonoid content in raw material and aqueous extractives from leaves of B. monandra.