The results from this small pilot study are encouraging, although larger, controlled trials are needed to assess the optimal dose of BTX-A, its long-term efficacy and safety, and the role of multiple injections.

In this series, microsurgical repair was accompanied by a minimum complication rate. Hence, the authors recommend that patients with fractures that combine the aforementioned variables should be considered to have a high long-term risk of infection and their injury should be surgically repaired as soon as the posttraumatic edema has subsided. This applies to the following fractures: large cribriform (Type I) with transient rhinorrhea lasting 5 to 8 days and large frontoethmoidal (Type II) with prolonged rhinorrhea lasting longer than 8 days. Furthermore, the authors conclude that this classification can improve the management of posttraumatic CSF fistulas of the anterior cranial base and may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying their spontaneous repair and susceptibility to meningitis.

In ChM, the posterior cervical CSF flow velocity was low, increased minimally after CCJD and, by itself, had limited predictive value. Post-CCJD, an increase of the sum of anterior and posterior cervical CSF flow velocities by more than 20% consistently preceded or coincided with marked headache improvement. After CCJD, the finding that the intrasyringeal CSF pulsatile motion had become absent was an earlier and more sensitive predictor of motor or sensory improvement than a reduction in syrinx's size. SPAMM can be used to assess whether CCJD has restored CSF flow, predict outcome and provide pathophysiological insights in ChM and syringomyelia.

Background/Aims: To describe the long term results of cases of cataract extraction combined with either Molteno implant insertion or trabeculectomy for primary open angle glaucoma. Methods: This prospective case series followed cases which had cataract extraction and Molteno implant insertion (45 eyes) or trabeculectomy (94 eyes) followed up for a mean of 5.3 years and 3.9 years respectively. Results: Cataract extraction and Molteno implant insertion or trabeculectomy controlled the intraocular pressure at 21 mmHg or less with a probability of 1.00 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.00) at 10 years or more after operation and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.99) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.99) at five and 10 years after operation respectively. Conclusions: Cataract extraction combined with insertion of Molteno implants or trabeculectomy controlled the intraocular pressure in 100% (45/45) and 94% (88/94) of cases respectively.

Background In recent years there have been significant developments in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. We conducted a study to determine whether there has been an associated change in trabeculectomy rates in England over this period.