Introduction: According to the neurodevelopmental theory, schizophrenia is a cognitive-behavioral manifestation of the non-physiological development of the CNS, which was caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors during its formation. Aim, material and methodology: The aim of this article is to present a clinical case in which exposure to numerous adverse environmental factors in the pre and postnatal period could cause the development of schizophrenia in adulthood. The analysis of the clinical case and the medical records of a patient diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, suffering from numerous perinatal complications, was performed. Case report: A woman, 23 years old, unmarried, studying at post-secondary school - archivistics. Currently, psychiatrically hospitalized for the second time. A patient from the first, twin, fraternal pregnancy. The delivery took place by caesarean section, complicated. In the APGAR scale, she scored 4 points in the 1st minute, and 6 points in the 3rd minute. By day 30, the patient had experienced preterm retinopathy, viral infection, salmonella, jaundice and anemia. In the second month of her life, she was treated with surgery due to intestinal obstruction. Psychomotor development was disturbed. At 9 years of age, there was a retinal detachment. Until the end of junior high school, she was educated in a special school for the visually impaired. Conclusions: The neurodevelopmental theory assumes that the increased risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with unfavorable factors in the developmental period. Identifying the causes underlying the development of the disease is a key step towards prevention, more efficient diagnosis, and improvement of the effectiveness of treatment of patients suffering from this disease.

A left-sided gallbladder (LSG) represents a rare anatomical variation defined by the location of the gallbladder to the left side of the liver falciform and round ligaments, which is often not discovered until surgery. The reported prevalence of this ectopia ranges from 0.2% to 1.1%, however, those values may be underestimated. It is mostly an asymptomatic condition, thus not causing the patient any harm, and being few reported cases in the current literature. Based on clinical presentation and standard diagnostic procedures, LSG can remain undetected and represent accidental intraoperative finding. The attempts to explain the cause of this anomaly have been different, but the numerous variations described do not allow a clear definition of its origin. Although this debate is still open, it is of considerable importance to know that LSG is frequently associated with alterations of both the portal branches and the intrahepatic biliary tree. The association of these anomalies, therefore, represents an important risk of complications in cases when surgical treatment is necessary. In this context, our literature review aimed to summarize possible anatomical anomalies coexisting with LSG and discuss the clinical significance of the LSG, when the patient requires cholecystectomy or hepatectomy.

Background: Tooth loss as a result of trauma most often affects young people, especially in the summer time. Implantation is considered the correct method of proceeding in the case of missing teeth. However, it is not indicated in this age group due to the constantly developing skeletal system and the change in spatial relations in the stomatognathic system. A more favorable, but less likely to be successful, method is replantation, which is more dependent on patient compliance. Objectives: presentation of the clinical procedure in the case of avulsed tooth 21, with particular emphasis on the time and method of providing first aid. Methods: a case report based on an anamnesis and physical examination with the use of medical records, including radiological records, of a 14-year-old boy after an injury. Conclusions: The most important factors determining the success of the replantation procedure are: the time from the injury to contact with the dentist, and storage medium of an avulsed tooth. Both are only dependent on the person who has been injured or the guardian of minors. For this reason, it is important to raise public awareness of first aid in dentistry. Successful replantation of a tooth that has been outside the socket for more than 60 minutes may be associated with complications such as ankylosis or root resorption. However, even in case of the above- mentioned sequelae, the profit and loss balance is favorable, because the replanted tooth prevents bone loss, which is crucial due to future implantation, and the possible development of ankylosis in the developmental age can be treated with the decoronation procedure.