The biological activity of extracts from Cirsium heterophyllum leaves is of interest. Traditional medicine and preliminary studies indicate that this raw material may have the potential for anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of Cirsium heterophyllum leaves. We studied the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of Cirsium heterophyllum leaves harvested in Vasilyevka village, Perm district, Perm territory (kray), Russia. The extracts were standardized for the content of flavonoids in terms of cynaroside. To study the anti-inflammatory activity, we used carrageenan-induced paw edema model in outbred ICR (CD-1) mice and outbred Wistar rats. Diclofenac was used as a reference drug. The test substances were dissolved in a 2% starch solution and injected intraperitoneally to the animals. The paw volume was measured hydrometrically and photometrically. The study has shown that the aqueous extracts of Cirsium heterophyllum have a mild effect compared to diclofenac. In mice, the percentage of inhibition of edema at the 4th hour was 19% (p-value = 0.0310) and 20% (p-value = 0.0130) for photometry and hydrometry, respectively. In rats, the percentage of edema inhibition was 47% (p-value = 0.0300) at the 1st hour and 28.7% (p-value = 0.0170) at 3 hours for hydrometry; photometry did not confirm these results. The results suggest that the aqueous extract of Cirsium heterophyllum has a mild activity in comparison with diclofenac, which may be due to the mutual action of the extract substances when applied intraperitoneally, as well as the presence of polysaccharides in the aqueous extract. Further research is required to determine whether the anti-inflammatory activity of its aqueous extract might be better combined with wound healing effects when applied topically.

The purpose of this work is to assess the quality of Siberian fir essential oil samples in accordance with the requirements of GOST ISO 10869-2015, as well as to assess antimicrobial activity. The objects of the study were various industrial samples, as well as a sample obtained at Perm pharmaceutical academy from fir paws, a raw material harvested in the Okhansky district of the Perm Territory. According to the research, all samples meet the requirements for consistency and color; a number of samples have the smell of technical fluid; all samples, except for own sample, have a relative density lower than indicated in GOST; the refractive index is underestimated in several samples; some samples in the composition have components that do not dissolve in ethyl alcohol in the ratio proposed by GOST; all samples comply with GOST in terms of acid number and do not contain ethyl alcohol impurities; a number of samples have unacceptable impurities of fatty and mineral oils. According to the study of the chromatographic profile, all the requirements for the ratio of substances and percentage could be met by an oil sample from Evalar. It should also be noted that own sample contains the largest amount of bornyl acetate. The studied samples have high antibacterial activity against the studied strain of Staphylococcus aureus, low antibacterial activity against the studied strain of Escherichia coli, a number of samples have a moderately pronounced antifungal activity against the studied strain of C. albicans. It is necessary to revise the existing regulatory documentation, as well as more stringent quality control of essential oils sold in the pharmaceutical and perfumery markets.

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