There are many successful interventions in medicine, especially in neurology and rehabilitation. The neurosciences represent an area of medicine with tremendous recent research innovations, one of which is virtual reality. This paper aims to discover the powerful relationship between virtual reality and rehabilitation. We assessed the effectiveness of virtual reality-based rehabilitation compared to conventional rehabilitation on motor function recovery of three patient groups: patients with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, or stroke. We conducted a systematic review using PubMed and included only articles that were randomized controlled trials that were published in the last five years. We used a general search in combination with a more focused Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search. After thorough assessment and risk of bias evaluation using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, we included thirteen studies in this review. The majority of the clinical trials showed a statistically significant effect for improved motor function. More specifically, improvements in upper extremity motor function, gait, and balance in patients diagnosed with stroke were seen. Similarly, when evaluating patients with Parkinson's disease, improved gait and posture were also seen. When it came to cerebral palsy, however, there were no significant differences between the experimental group and the control. The level of improvement in motor function with a virtual reality intervention was striking, particularly since a few studies demonstrated sustained motor improvement a few months post-trial as well. Virtual reality-based rehabilitation has promising results for adult patients diagnosed with stroke or Parkinson's disease. For pediatric patients, on the other hand, a larger number of clinical trials would still need to be conducted to validate if virtual reality interventions have the capability of providing improved motor function recovery.

Amongst the many threats to health in our world, the most challenging ones are the ones with unknown causes. There is a mysterious epidemic of kidney disease called chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) that is occurring in many parts of the world. Unrelated to known risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension, CKDu mostly affects the young and middle-aged, with slight preponderance in males. It mostly occurs in people living in rural areas, especially working in agricultural jobs. Worldwide, the number of people with chronic kidney disease, and those who need dialysis and renal replacement, is increasing every year as compared to other chronic conditions like diabetes and AIDS. It's not just alarming but a great challenge to healthcare systems across the world, especially in resource-poor countries. CKDu has become a silent killer for most patients. The occurrence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in CKDu can be catastrophic for individuals, especially in countries with limited medical facilities, causing a significant socio-economic burden. Even within these economically developing nations, people affected by CKDu usually are from the most vulnerable and underserved populations. As a definitive etiology has not been postulated for CKDu to date, this comprehensive review was undertaken to throw light on the poorly understood epidemiologic risk factors and the course of the disease.

Hysterectomy is a commonly performed gynecologic surgery that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the evolution of the surgical approach, from open to minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS), has substantially improved patient outcomes by reducing perioperative complications, pain, and length of hospitalization. The evident advantages and the approval of the da Vinci Surgical System by the Food and Drug Administration led to the exponential rise in the use of MIGS. In particular, robotic hysterectomy (RH) witnessed unparalleled popularity compared to other MIGS despite the lack of strong evidence demonstrating its superiority. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate and compare various patient and surgical outcomes of RH with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy (CLH), including operating time, estimated blood loss, length of hospitalization, overall complications, survival, and cost. Overall, the outcomes were comparable between RH and CLH except concerning cost. RH is significantly more expensive than CLH due to the higher costs of robotic equipment, including disposable instruments, equipment maintenance, and sterilization. Although RH demonstrated comparable outcomes and higher costs, its technical advantages such as improved ergonomics, three-dimensional view, a wider range of wristed mobility, mechanical lifting of robot's hand, and greater stability might benefit patient subsets (e.g., obesity, large uterine weights >750 g). Therefore, large and multicentered randomized control trials are imperative to determine the most effective surgical approach between RH and other MIGS for different patient subsets.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease associated with dysbiosis within the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristic taxonomic shifts of microbial populations are observed in disease progression and remission; however, despite similarities, there are many differences among individuals presenting with IBD including IBD subset, clinical course, and response to therapy. Much is still unknown about how these taxonomic shifts interact with immunotherapy and how genetic variants contribute. In this systematic review, we aimed to compile information on the interactions of the gut microbiome with immunotherapy in the course of disease and treatment of IBD patients. This systematic review was conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PubMed database was methodically screened for literature search including keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms for relevant articles. The quality appraisal was completed using the Cochrane Tool, Newcastle-Ottawa checklist, and the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) checklist, as appropriate, and 11 relevant articles were included in this systematic review. Our review concludes that although there are characteristic taxonomic shifts between diseased and healthy patients, genetic variants are an important consideration in the predictive quality of disease and treatment decisions. The comparison between interactions of microbial populations and treatment in addition to the role of genetic variants may provide insight into treatment non-responders. Due to our limitations in current knowledge including the complexity of the microcosm, ethnic genetic variations among human populations, and our focus on relevant articles published in English over the past six years, we may have missed relevant studies. Future studies should focus on the comparison between Western and other cultural populations as well as further implementation of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in clinical predictability.

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