The artificial light at night (ALAN) present in many cities and towns has a negative impact on numerous organisms that live alongside humans, including bats. Therefore, we investigated if the artificial illumination of the historic Wisłoujście Fortress in Gdańsk, Poland (part of the Natura 2000 network), during nighttime events, which included an outdoor electronic dance music (EDM) festival, might be responsible for increased light pollution and the decline in recent years of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme). An assessment of light pollution levels was made using the methods of geographical information system (GIS) and free-of-charge satellite remote sensing (SRS) technology. Moreover, this paper reviewed the most important approaches for environmental protection of bats in the context of ecological light pollution, including International, European, and Polish regulatory frameworks. The analysis of this interdisciplinary study confirmed the complexity of the problem and highlighted, too, the need for better control of artificial illumination in such sensitive areas. It also revealed that SRS was not the best light pollution assessment method for this particular case study due to several reasons listed in this paper. As a result, the authors’ proposal for improvements also involved practical recommendations for devising suitable strategies for lighting research and practice in the Natura 2000 Wisłoujście Fortress site located adjacent to urban areas to reduce the potential negative impact of ALAN on bats and their natural habitats.
The paper presents a normative analysis of Polish legislation, along with recommendations for necessary changes that would provide legal instruments to counteract artificial light pollution. The aim is to indicate the regulations essential for limiting the harmful emission of artificial light in key aspects that result from the environmental protection law in connection with provisions on technical standards and requirements. Counteracting light pollution requires not only defining emission standards, but also rational planning that takes into account land use or the function a given area serves. In addition, it is essential that appropriate technical standards be established for the design and installation of outdoor lighting.
Uchwałą z dnia 28 marca 2018 r. (III SZP 1/18) Sąd Najwyższy w składzie powiększonym rozstrzygnął, że organ gminy jest uprawniony do wniesienia odwołania od zarządzenia zastępczego wojewody o zakazie zgromadzenia wydanego w trybie art. 26b ust. 4 ustawy z dnia 24 lipca 2015 r. – Prawo o zgromadzeniach (tekst jedn.: Dz. U. z 2018 r., poz. 408), a także jest stroną w postępowaniu toczącym się na skutek odwołania organizatora zgromadzenia od takiego zarządzenia. Należy w pełni podzielić pogląd Sądu Najwyższego, że organ gminy ma interes prawny w złożeniu odwołania od zarządzenia zastępczego wojewody zakazującego organizacji zgromadzenia. Sąd Najwyższy uwzględnił w uzasadnieniu orzeczenia zarówno dualizm prawny zarządzenia zastępczego wojewody, jak i domniemanie właściwości sądu powszechnego. Wykładnia przedstawiona w glosowanej uchwale zapewnia gminie sądową ochronę samodzielności w wykonywaniu zadań zleconych dotyczących organizowania zgromadzeń.
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