The theoretical substantiation of the process of elimination of individual chemical elements from crystal lattices of metals in the process of the crystal-chemical transformations taking place during the long history of artifact existence was given. To confirm the theoretical conclusions, five ancient gold items from different historical periods (from the IV century B.C. to the XVIII century A.D.) with approximately the same contents of gold, silver, copper, and iron in the alloy body were studied. The conducted studies will promote more exact attribution of historical artifacts made of metals and revealing the signs of forgery or restoration. The chemical composition of items was determined immediately under patina and in the alloy body using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersion spectrometer. The results have shown a much lower gold content inside the alloy than in the item surface. At the same time, the undamaged surface cleansed of mineral crusts contained significantly fewer impurities than the polished surface which did not have contact with the environment. Therefore, the study of the chemical composition of gold artifacts cannot be conducted solely based on surface studies. The studies have resulted in establishing a dependence of the concentration of the main component (gold) of the alloy in the artifact surface on the item age in thousands of years. Equations for predicting the age of the items that are chemically belonging to the described item group were also presented. Studies of peculiarities of crystal-chemical processes are very important in practice to prove the historical artifact authenticity, adjust artifact dating, identify signs of forgery or profound changes caused by restoration

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This paper reports the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of 4 objects of cold weapons of the 19th and early 20th centuries, made of iron – bayonet knives and sabers. This makes it possible to establish the signs of authenticity of cold weapon samples made of iron in that chronological period. An authentic procedure has been proposed for examining the chemical composition of the surface of historical objects of cold weapons by rubbing the samples with cotton wool swabs and their subsequent investigation. This makes it possible to explore objects of cold weapons, whose size is large, as well as simplify the very procedure for studying objects of historical and cultural value. Using the X-ray fluorescent chemical analyzer Expert Mobile, chemical elements were found at the surface of samples of cold weapons made of iron. The presence of such elements is the result of the process of re-crystallization and self-purification of metal during a long history of its life. Elements found in almost every rubbing sample were identified: calcium, ferrum, zinc, cuprum, and chlorine. The studies of cold weapons samples testify to the heterogeneity of the composition of patina formations on their surface, which confirms the authenticity of ancient objects. In addition, the studies have shown a difference in the chemical composition of surface layers of different parts of individual samples of antique cold weapons, which may indicate different times or different technology for their manufacture. The fluorescence spectra of the obtained rubbing of individual samples of cold weapons were compared with "pure" material, which made it possible to identify elements removed from the surface of objects. The study results are important indicators to confirm the authenticity of cultural monuments and the technology of their manufacture in the past.

The problem is to determine the threat of chemical damage to a person upon his contact with historical artifacts from metals. For this purpose, experimental studies of the process of accumulation of chemicals on the surface of historical metal products were carried out. The objects of this study were 3 samples of historical cold weapons selected from the museum fund, as well as samples from modern sheet steel. The blades of museum objects were rubbed with a special ash-free swab, which was burned, and the chemical composition of the residue was determined. This makes it possible to obtain data on compounds from a significant surface area. A list of chemical elements that accumulate on the surface of metallic historical artifacts over time has been established. Theoretically, the possibility of the appearance on the surface of historical artifacts made of iron of such chemical elements as Mercury, Barium, Stibium, Phosphorus, Plumbum (Lead), Thallium, Chromium, Selenium, Cadmium has been theoretically proven. This can pose a threat to the health of museum workers and collectors who are in daily contact with such items. The results of the experiment are provided with samples of modern steel, which, in order to accelerate the process of elimination of impurity elements, warmed up for 3 hours in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 700 °C. The surface of these samples was studied using an electron microscope, and local emission analysis of the chemical composition was carried out. The obtained results confirm the process of elimination of ions of individual chemical elements from the metal in the process of its heating. We can observe the release of Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Cu ions to the surface. Based on the results obtained, plots are built that describe the change in the chemical composition of the metal surface throughout the history of existence. The use of the author's method of testing makes it possible to study the problem of safety of handling historical monuments in general. The results of the study are important for establishing the authenticity of metallic historical artifacts and assessing possible risks in contact with them.

Вступ. Практика оціночної діяльності у сфері вивчення пам’яток культури впро­довж тривалого часу дає змогу виявити та предметно описати актуальні зміни пара­мет­рів ринку для окремих видів товарів і проана­лі­зувати їхні причини. Проблема. Особливе значення резуль­тати вивчення вартісних показників на ринку живопису мають для робіт, пов’язаних з оцін­кою збитків, нанесених Україні внаслідок агресії росії, а також є корисними для учас­ників аукціонів, колекціонерів, музейних пра­цівників, дослідників ринків і судових експертів. Метою статті є встановлення причин динаміки вартості творів живопису на ринку за 2012–2022 рр. для вирішення оціночних та експертних завдань. Методи. Представлено результати сис­те­матичного аналізу станів ринку, який здійснювався раз або двічі на рік у період 2012–2022 рр. Вихідні дані формувалися на основі вивчення інформації щодо вистав­лених на продаж творів живопису на аук­ціонах Violiti.com, Arts.in.ua, Olx.ua. Результати дослідження. Представлено результати вивчення змін вартісних показ­ників на ринку живопису у 2012–2022 рр. та висловлено авторські припущення щодо їхніх причин – війна росії проти України, зміни активності потенційних покупців та їхніх фінансових можливостей. Детально описано алгоритм одного з найбільш раціо­нальних та універсальних способів прове­дення аналізу ринку антикварних товарів. Висновки. Вартісні показники на твори живопису залежать від стану соціально-куль­турного й економічного середовища, зокрема фінансових можливостей потенційних покупців. Ринкові показники вартості на твори живо­пису на українському ринку у 2023–2024 рр. матимуть стійку тенденцію до падіння. При визначенні страхових сум до про­гно­зованих вартісних показників слід дода­вати втрати, пов’язані з накладними видатками. Аналіз ринку творів живопису умож­ливлює з’ясувати перелік найбільш рейтин­гових авторів та популярних стилів і жанрів. Доцільно й надалі здійснювати моніто­ринг вартісних показників на твори живо­пису, виставлені на продаж, для виявлення тенденцій розвитку ринку.