Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe neonatal anomaly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and types of malformations associated with CDH. The outcome was compared with that in newborns with CDH alone. The study included 362 fetuses and newborns at a single national center for CDH. Associated malformations and chromosomal aberrations were noted prenatally and postnatally. The neonatal outcome was assessed relative to the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and the mortality rate. At least one associated malformation was diagnosed in 143 cases (39.5%). Altogether, 272 associated malformations were found. Only 50 (18.4%) anomalies were diagnosed antenatally. In 62 (17.1%) cases, 102 major malformations were found along with CDH, with a prenatal detection rate of 35.3%. The associated malformations were very heterogeneous, but cardiovascular malformations were the most common. Newborns with major anomalies, chromosomal aberrations, or syndromes additional to CDH had a significantly lower survival rate than newborns with an isolated CDH. Associated malformations did not affect the rate of ECMO treatment. Associated malformations in CDH are frequent and heterogeneous, and diligent and experienced antenatal and postnatal care is important.

Summary This paper reviews the practice and ritual traditions of infant oral mutilation, drawing on a literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar, historical reports, relevant textbooks, NGO materials and personal observations of the authors.