This meta-analysis finds a clinically relevant incidence of CPSP 'wound' after caesarean section ranging from 15% at 3 months to 11% at 12 months or longer that has been largely stable in recent years.

Five commercial materials were assessed for electrochemical conversion of n‐hexanoic acid by Kolbe electrolysis. Platinized titanium performed best, achieving a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 93.1±6.7 % (n=6) for the degradation of n‐hexanoic acid and 48.3±3.2 % (n=6) for the production of n‐decane, which is close to the performance of pure platinum (89.7±14.4 and 55.5±3.5 %; n=6). 56.7 mL liquid fuel was produced per mole n‐hexanoic acid, converting to an energy demand of 6.66 kWh and 1.22 € per L. Using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, it was shown that the degree of coverage of the titanium surface with platinum played the most important role. An uncovered surface of as little as 1–3 % already led to a deterioration of the CE of approximately 50 %. Using platinized titanium requires >36 times less capital expenditure at only <10 % increased operational expenditure; an electrode lifetime of 10000 h can be expected.

Power-to-X technologies have the potential to pave the way towards a future resource-secure bioeconomy as they enable the exploitation of renewable resources and CO 2. Herein, the coupled electrocatalytic and microbial catalysis of the C 5polymer precursors mesaconate and 2S-methylsuccinate from CO 2 and electric energy by in situ coupling electrochemical and microbial catalysis at 1 L-scale was developed. In the first phase, 6.1 � 2.5 mm formate was produced by electrochemical CO 2 reduction. In the second phase, formate served as the substrate for microbial catalysis by an engineered strain of Methylobacterium extorquens AM-1 producing 7 � 2 μm and 10 � 5 μm of mesaconate and 2S-methylsuccinate, respectively. The proof of concept showed an overall conversion efficiency of 0.2 % being 0.4 % of the theoretical maximum.

The coupling of electrochemical CO 2 reduction to formate with the microbial biosynthesis of valuable products is promising for exploiting CO 2 as well as to store excess renewable electricity. Here, electrochemical CO 2 reduction to formate at bioprocesscompatible conditions was transferred from the scale of 50 mL electrochemical cells to 1 L electrobioreactors. In the 1 L electrobioreactor, a reproducible coulombic efficiency of 74.9 � 5.5 % and formate production rate of 0.038 � 0.005 mmol h À 1 cm À 2 could be achieved. Autoclaving by standard steam sterilization was shown to negatively affect the reliability of the process performance and, therefore, needs further investigation. However, mass transfer is not limiting for the process performance. Thus, the coupling of electrochemical CO 2 reduction to formate with microbial biosynthesis in sterile conditions at technical scale can be targeted in the future.[a] Dr.

Mixtures of n-carboxylic acids (n-CA) as derived from microbial conversion of waste biomass were converted to bio-fuel using Kolbe electrolysis. While providing full carbon and electron balances, key parameters like electrolysis time, chain length of n-CA, and pH were investigated for their influence on reaction efficiency. Electrolysis of n-hexanoic acid showed the highest coulombic efficiency (CE) of 58.9 � 16.4 % (n = 4) for liquid fuel production among individually tested n-CA. Duration of the electrolysis was varied within a range of 0.27 to 1.02 faraday equivalents without loss of efficiency. Noteworthy, CE increased to around 70 % by hetero-coupling when electrolysing n-CA mixtures regardless of the applied pH. Thus, 1 L of fuel could be produced from 12.4 mol of n-CA mixture using 5.02 kWh (< 1 E L À 1 ). Thus, a coupling with microbial processes producing n-CA mixtures from different organic substrates and waste is more than promising.