Oral morphine 200 mcg·kg then 100 mcg·kg 4 h or 150 mcg·kg 6 h achieves mean concentrations associated with analgesia. There was high serum concentration variability suggesting that respiration may be compromised in some children given these doses.

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Acute pain in children can occur following trauma and injury or secondary to medical and surgical intervention. Before acute pain can be effectively treated, it must be accurately assessed. In spite of many years of research to enhance our understanding of pain, the assessment of pain in children continues to be inconsistent and suboptimal in many organizations.Pain and its perception are multi-factorial, hence an approach to pain assessment and treatment must also be multi-faceted and multidisciplinary. Painful experiences are dynamic, with huge inter-and intraindividual variation, therefore pain assessment tools must be adaptable, reproducible and accurate to accommodate such variation. This article outlines the different tools available for pain assessment in infants and children (excluding neonates).