Based on economic status, there was no significant location change of antineoplastic clinical trials from 2007 to 2011. Clinical trials conducted in developing countries were more often multi-country studies and published in journals with lower impact factors.

ABBREVIATIONS: EIB, exercise-induced bronchospasm; IL4, interleukin 4; IL5, interleukin 5; MFNS, mometasone furoate nasal spray; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted; QOL, quality of life Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic childhood disease. Reduced quality of life is frequently caused by this IgE-mediated disease, including sleep disturbance with subsequent decreased school performance. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm are commonly seen concurrently with allergic rhinitis, and poorly controlled allergic rhinitis negatively affects asthma outcomes. Nonsedating antihistamines or intranasal azelastine are effective agents to manage allergic rhinitis, often in combination with oral decongestants. For moderate to severe persistent disease, intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective agents. Some patients require concomitant intranasal corticosteroids and nonsedating antihistamines for optimal management. Other available agents include leukotriene receptor antagonists, intranasal cromolyn, intranasal ipratropium, specific immunotherapy, and anti-IgE therapy.

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are essential for various systemic functions, including bone mineralization. Adequate provision of Ca and P in pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions is necessary for skeletal growth and for the prevention of metabolic bone disease. The provision of adequate doses of Ca and P in pediatric PN solutions is complicated by the increased needs in preterm and term infants, solubility limitations, and venous access. Clinicians should be aware of the evidence that supports the optimal use of Ca and P in pediatric PN solutions, including studies that have evaluated dosing and solubility. The aim of this article is to review relevant literature and practices for the use of these two minerals in pediatric PN solutions. The vitamin D endocrine system, a critical component for Ca homeostasis and bone mineralization, is discussed, as well as clinical manifestations of metabolic bone disease and methods for its prevention, assessment, and treatment in pediatric patients receiving PN.