Previous studies of the baroreceptor response to a 45 degree head-up tilt in preterm and mature infants during the first 3 days of life failed to demonstrate a significant tachycardia while eliciting a 25% reduction in limb blood flow. In order to determine if maturity or respiratory distress affected the presence of tachycardia after tilting, 34 infants between 28 and 40 weeks gestation, including 15 infants with RDS, were studied serially during their hospitalization in a neonatal intensive care unit. In the first 5 seconds after a rapid (1-second) tilt to 45 degrees, individual infants responded with changes in heart rate (HR) ranging from a fall of 8 beats/min to an increase of 13 beats/min. Individual responses were not predictable on the basis of maturity at birth, age after birth, or presence of clinical respiratory distress. The group as a whole demonstrated a statistically significant increase of 2 +/- 4 beats/min in the first 5 seconds immediately after tilting. This may be compared to a coefficient of variation of +/- 4-5% in the resting HR of the same group of infants. Because of the unpredictability of individual responses and the small magnitude of the response for the group as a whole, it can be concluded that the HR component of the baroreceptor response is poorly developed during the neonatal period.

The Kingspan Lighthouse building is the first house to achieve the highest level of the Code for Sustainable Homes, level 6. One of the key requirements for a house to achieve level 6 is that it is ‘net zero carbon’ for all its energy use, meaning that it generates as much energy annually from renewable sources as it uses. The house was designed first to need less energy to run and second to source the remaining energy required from renewable sources. The house has high levels of energy efficiency. Reducing electricity demands was paramount, as this is the most expensive form of renewable energy to produce. Renewable energy is supplied by photovoltaic panels for electricity, and solar thermal panels and a biomass boiler for hot water and heating. The house has many other sustainable features, including water conservation. The costs of this zero carbon home are considered and the many opportunities for future potential cost savings are identified. The paper also includes consideration of the use of biomass for renewable heat. Implications for zero carbon design and policy making are discussed along with how such demonstration projects have been influential on the government’s proposed zero carbon definition.

This article argues that the status of spinster was associated with widowhood in the decades after the First World War in Britain, an association that is still active in our collective memory. Widely publicized census statistics suggesting that a whole generation of young men perished during the war led to the beliefs that an accompanying generation of women had lost lovers and fiancés, would be unable to marry, and were therefore deprived of the chance of leading "normal," happy lives. Drawing upon a range of sources, including census statistics, fiction, poetry, autobiography, and oral history, the author examines the consequences of these beliefs for unmarried women in the context of a society that privileged marriage and nuclear families with male breadwinners and dependent wives over all other family formations.

The isomerizations preceding the metastable decompositions in the mass spectrometer of a number of [C,H,,O]+' ions with the oxygen on the third carbon are characterized utilizing deuterium labeling. Hydrogens are transferred in these ions by three-, five-and six-membered ring rearrangements, with propensities determined by features of the individual reactions. Three-membered ring hydrogen transfers between LY-and 6-carbons are preferred to all five-membered ring hydrogen transfers. However, six-membered ring hydrogen transfers take place to the apparent exclusion of three-membered ring hydrogen transfers to en01 carbons when the products are of comparable stability. The low-energy [C6HI2O]+* isomerizations characterized are predictable from the behavior of their lower homologs. It is concluded that the determinants of these reactions are the same as those of other highly reactive organic intermediates.

… twentieth-century culture and its related films stand on the shoulders of nineteenth-century culture and its related fiction. The links are particularly true in relation to women, whose mythic constructs and social roles remained uncannily the same from the mid-nineteenth century to the midtwentieth century. 1 Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Britain, the figures of the spinster and the unmarried mother have been positioned at opposite ends of a spectrum of female deviancy and have frequently been drawn upon as warnings to women who might be tempted to challenge social norms. Polarised negative images of singleness have sent strong messages to women that to be single and childless or single and a mother are each equally aberrant categories of womanhood, and that only marriage combined with motherhood could give them completely fulfilled and happy lives. Both single motherhood, which raises the spectre of women taking control of their own sexuality and reproduction, and single childlessness, which suggests that women may have business other than sex or reproduction, challenge the institution of marriage and the emotional, sexual and financial dependency assigned to the roles of wife and mother by the marriage contract.The gendered nature of the British marriage contract has not only operated to contain women's sexuality and reproduction but it has also provided a mechanism which officially attaches and gives authority to men over their children. Fatherhood does not carry the same emotive and psychological significance as motherhood either within the process of fathering or through the condition of fatherhood. This is not simply the result of the sexual double standard in which men's sexual experiences outside marriage have been accepted or excused while women's were condemned. Rather it is that for men marriage has historically conferred and