WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Deliberate self-poisoning accounts for 170 000 presentations to UK hospitals each year with a profound impact on the health of individual patients. We have basic demographic information on self-poisoning but there is a relative paucity of contemporary, detailed information on the patterns of presentation, drugs taken in overdose and the current impact on services. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study provides detailed analyses of demographics, timing of presentation, patterns of overdose, drugs taken with special emphasis on paracetamol, the patient pathway through hospital and an estimation of the financial impact to the hospital of this patient group. This information is essential in planning the necessary service developments in emergency departments and medical admissions units that are required to optimize management of this patient group. AIMSThe primary aim of this paper is to provide comprehensive contemporaneous data on the demographics, patterns of presentation and management of all episodes of deliberate self-poisoning presenting to a large regional teaching hospital over a 12 month period. METHODSWe undertook detailed, retrospective analyses using information from electronic patient records and local patient-tracking, pathology and administrative databases. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-squared tests, ANOVA and two-tailed t-tests (Graphpad Prism). RESULTSOne thousand five hundred and ninety-eight episodes of deliberate self-poisoning presented over the year. Demographic data and information on the month, day and time of admission are provided. 70.7% presented to the emergency department (ED) within 4 h of ingestion. 76.3% of patients had only one episode in an extended 29 month follow-up period. A mean of 1.72 drugs were taken per episode with just over half of all episodes involving a single drug only. Paracetamol and ibuprofen were the two most commonly ingested drugs involved in 42.5% and 17.3% of all overdoses respectively. 56.3% of patients taking paracetamol reported ingesting over 8 g (one over the counter packet). Detailed mapping of the patients' pathway through the hospital allowed an estimation of the hospital cost of caring for this patient group at £1.6 million pounds per year. CONCLUSIONSWe present comprehensive and contemporary data on presentations to hospital resulting from deliberate self-poisoning. We include demographic information, presentation patterns, drugs used, a detailed analysis of episodes involving paracetamol and an estimate of the financial burden to hospitals of overdose presentations.

NHS) for the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the efficacy of these interventions is unknown. In view of this, a cross-sectional survey of front-line healthcare workers (HCWs) at two large acute NHS hospital trusts in England was undertaken to assess their confidence and perceived level of preparedness for the virus. The survey found that there has been moderate success in readying HCWs to manage COVID-19, but that more still needs to be done, particularly in relation to educating HCWs about laboratory diagnostics.

Aims:  To determine the role of oxidative stress and chronological ageing on the propensity of brewing yeast strains to form respiratory deficient ‘petites’. Methods and Results:  Four industrial yeast strains (two ale and two lager strains) were exposed to oxidative stress in the form of H2O2 (5 mmol l−1) for two hours. Cell viability and occurrence of petites were determined by the slide culture and TTC‐overlay techniques, respectively. Increases in petite frequency were observed but only in those strains sensitive to oxidative stress. Chronological ageing under aerobic conditions led to an increase in petites in strains sensitive to oxidative stress. No such increase was observed under anaerobic conditions. Conclusion:  Ageing may contribute to mitochondrial DNA damage and increase the propensity of brewing yeast cells to become respiratory deficient. Tolerant strains may be less likely to generate petites as a result of serial re‐pitching. Significance and Impact of the Study:  Continuous re‐use of brewing yeast is associated with an increase in the frequency of petites within brewery yeast slurries, a phenomenon resulting in reduced fermentative capacity. The cause of petite generation during brewery handling is unknown. We show that endogenous oxidative stress has the potential to generate petites within brewing yeast populations.

Background Access to maternal healthcare services is an essential pre-requisite for improving women’s health. However, due to poor access and underutilization, women in developing countries remain vulnerable to various complications. Evaluation of quality maternal healthcare services in any country must include the opinions of the women being as a key stakeholder utilizing maternal healthcare services. Aim The present study was designed to evaluate the experiences, perceptions and expectations of pre-birth and post-birth women regarding utilization and delivery of maternal healthcare services in Pakistan. Methodology A qualitative study design was used. Snow ball sampling technique was adopted to identify the respondents. Interviews were conducted using semi-structures interview guide till saturation point was achieved. The sample size at saturation point for different respondents was: pre-birth women (n = 9) and post-birth women (n = 9). All interviews were recorded after getting permission from the respondents. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and were then subjected to thematic analysis. Results The age group for the pre-birth respondents was 23–43 years while for post-birth group it was 23–32 years. Most of the respondents from both groups were from urban setting. Most of them were either first time pregnant or were having experience of one pregnancy. Thematic analysis of the interviews yielded different themes and sub-themes including birth experience, maternal treatment pathway, identified barriers for quality maternal care, involvement in healthcare decision-making, impact of Covid 19, payment dynamics, role of digital health and recommendations for improving maternal care services. Conclusion The results of the present study concluded that the overall quality of the maternal care services provided in Pakistan was not up to the mark. High rate of caesarian section was prevalent. Majority of the women were not involved in the decision-making process or provided with any birth plan or counselling regarding birth signs, family planning, danger and birth signs. The cost of maternal care was quite high and not affordable for all.