Since its development in the late 1980s, the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI) and related forms have been used in 91 studies to examine masculinity ideologies through male role norms in the United States and other countries with over 30,000 participants. The study of male role norms and masculinity ideologies has remained a prominent area of study in the psychology of men and masculinities since at least 1995. Since the last formal review of the MRNI in 2007, 2 new forms of the MRNI have been developed, including short form and adolescent versions, and various forms of the measure have been used in at least 70 additional studies. After describing the development and psychometric properties of the MRNI, this article reports the results of a content analysis of all studies on male role norms using the MRNI in all forms, describing sample demographics, methodologies, topics, and findings. Results of the present study show the MRNI has been used to investigate men's psychological, physical, and sexual health, romantic relationships, quality of friendships, and vocational decisions. The MRNI has also been utilized in examining negative attitudes toward People of Color and sexual minority and gender nonconforming men. This content analysis also highlights understudied areas such as body image, sports, religiousness/spirituality, and fatherhood. Finally, it calls for more representative samples in terms of ethnic, racial, sexual orientation, and gender diversity. Implications for clinical applications of previous findings are discussed and recommendations for further investigating male role norms and masculinity ideologies research are presented.

Prior research suggests that Internet samples are more diverse and representative of the larger population compared with samples of undergraduates. Therefore, masculinities researchers may be interested in using Craigslist, a cost-effective Internet recruitment tool. The present study illustrates the effectiveness of Craigslist as a participant recruitment tool, especially when targeting minority group participants who are often underrepresented in research. Over 10 weeks, 694 participants were recruited for 2 studies by offering a raffle on Craigslist in 10 cities and offering extra credit to students. The demographics of participants recruited from Craigslist (N ϭ 210) were significantly different from a Midwestern university sample (N ϭ 337), reporting lower income, higher age, lower socioeconomic status, more liberal attitudes, and higher education. Furthermore, the Craigslist sample included significantly more racial/ ethnic, sexual orientation, and religious minorities. The results suggest that supplementing traditional college convenience samples with samples recruited from Craigslist may help researchers assemble samples that are more representative of the U.S. population.

The Fathers' Expectations about Sons' Masculinity Scale (FEASMS) assesses men's recollections of fathers' expectations for their masculinity, including expectations that sons conform to traditional masculine norms and the overall rigidity of these expectations. Participants were 651 communitydwelling and college men, from which a random sample of 300 was selected for an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the FEASMS. The EFA resulted in a 49-item 5-factor scale with simple structure, and moderate-to-strong factor loadings and factor intercorrelations. A shorter form was created by taking 4 of the highest loading items from each factor while ensuring coverage of the construct. Data from the remaining 351 participants were used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which found that the underlying structure for the Fathers' Expectations about Sons' Masculinity Scale (Short Form; FEASMS-SF) items retained the 5-factor dimensionality of the original scale. Common factors, hierarchical, and bifactor models were compared, with the results indicating that the bifactor model best fit the data. Model-based reliability estimates tentatively support the use of the raw FEASMS-SF total score to represent the general construct of fathers' expectations about sons' masculinity, and the raw score of the Importance of Sex subscale to represent that specific norm. However, the other 4 of the 5 group factors accounted for less reliable variance and are best assessed using latent variables. The convergent construct validity of the FEASMS-SF general factor was supported by its associations with other latent variables in its nomological network. Results are discussed in terms of future research directions and implications for practice and prevention.

The current study extended prior work on the Femininity Ideology Scale (FIS), a multidimensional measure of traditional femininity ideology (TFI), in several ways. First, we conducted exploratory factor and bifactor analyses, which revealed a general TFI factor and 3 specific factors: dependence/deference, purity, and emotionality/traditional roles. Second, based on these results we developed the 12-item FIS-Short Form (FIS-SF). Third, we assessed the FIS-SF using confirmatory factor analysis on a separate sample, finding that the items loaded on the general factor and 3 specific factors as hypothesized, and that the bifactor model fit better than common factors and unidimensional models. Fourth, model-based reliability estimates tentatively support the use of raw scores to represent the general TFI factor and the emotionality/traditional roles specific factor, but the other 2 specific factors are best measured using SEM or by ipsatizing their scores. Fifth, we assessed measurement invariance across 2 gender groups, finding evidence for configural invariance for all factors, and for partial metric invariance for the specific factors. Sixth, we found evidence for the convergent construct validity of the FIS-SF general factor and the emotionality/traditional roles specific factors by examining relationships with the latent variables of several constructs in the nomological network. The results are discussed in relationship to prior literature, future research directions, applications to counseling practice, and limitations. Data (N = 1,472, 907 women, 565 men, 530 people of color) were from community and college participants who responded to an online survey. (PsycINFO Database Record

Studies of the role of the early environment in shaping children’s risk for anxiety problems have produced mixed results. It is possible that inconsistencies in previous findings result from a lack of consideration of a putative role for inherited influences moderators on the impact of early experiences. Early inherited influences not only contribute to vulnerabilities for anxiety problems throughout the lifespan, but can also modulate the ways that the early environment impacts child outcomes. In the current study, we tested the effects of child-centered parenting behaviors on putative anxiety risk in young children who differed in levels of inherited vulnerability. We tested this using a parent-offspring adoption design and a sample in which risk for anxiety problems and parenting behaviors were assessed in both mothers and fathers. Inherited influences on anxiety problems were assessed as anxiety symptoms in biological parents. Child-centered parenting was observed in adoptive mothers and fathers when children were 9 months old. Social inhibition, an early temperament marker of anxiety risk, was observed at child ages 9 and 18 months. Inherited influences on anxiety problems moderated the link between paternal child-centered parenting during infancy and social inhibition in toddlerhood. For children whose birth parents reported high levels of anxiety symptoms, greater child-centered parenting in adoptive fathers was related to greater social inhibition 9 months later. For children whose birth parents reported low levels of anxiety symptoms, greater child-centered parenting in adoptive fathers was related to less social inhibition across the same period.