ResumoOs autores apresentam uma sintética revisão da história da doença bipolar, a partir de Araeteus da Capadócia até os tempos atuais. O conceito moderno de doença bipolar foi iniciado na França, com os trabalhos de Falret (1851) e Baillarger (1856). Os conceitos seminais de Emil Kraepelin mudaram as bases da nosologia psiquiátrica, e o seu conceito unitário a respeito da "insanidade maníaco-depressiva" foi amplamente aceito e adotado. As idéias de Kraepelin e Weigandt constituíram-se na pedra angular para sua concepção unitária da doença maníaco-depressiva. Depois de Kraepelin, no entanto, as idéias de Kleist e Leonhard, na Alemanha, e o trabalho de Angst, Perris e Winokur enfatizaram a distinção entre as formas unipolar e bipolar da depressão. Mais recentemente a ênfase mudou novamente para o espectro bipolar, que se estende até os limites dos temperamentos normais (Akiskal e colaboradores). Finalizando, os autores sumarizam as controvérsias quanto à nosologia do transtorno bipolar e suas fronteiras com a esquizofrenia, os quadros esquizoafetivos e as chamadas psicoses ciclóides.Palavras-chave: Transtorno bipolar, espectro bipolar, estados mistos, história, transtornos do humor, transtorno esquizoafetivo, psicoses ciclóides. AbstractThe authors review briefly the history of bipolar disorder from Araeteus of Cappadocia to our times. The modern concept of bipolar disorder was built in France, through the work of Falret (1851) and Baillarger (1854). The pivotal concepts of Emil Kraepelin changed the basis of psychiatric nosology, and Kraepelin´s unitary concept of manic-depressive insanity was largely accepted. Kraepelin and Weigandt´s ideas on mixed states were a cornerstone to this unitary concept. After Kraepelin however, the ideas of Kleist and Leonhard, in Germany, and the work of Angst, Perris and Winokur emphasized the distinction between unipolar and bipolar forms of depression. More recently the emphasis changed again to the bipolar spectrum, which expanded to the borders of the normal temperaments (Akiskal and co-workers). At the end the authors summarize the controversies concerning the nosology of bipolar disorder and its boundaries with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders and cycloid psychosis.
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