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Voltage-mode to current-mode conversion and vice versa by an extended dual transformation is described. Representation of a OPA-based voltage-mode circuit by nullors and application of the proposed nullor rearrangement may lead to new current-mode circuits with CCU s or OTAs. Some non-planar circuits can be converted to planar circuits to which a dual transformation is applicable.

Electric-field-tuning characteristics of second-harmonic generation in a three-dimensional Ti in-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide are reported. It is experimentally revealed that the phase-matching condition for second-harmonic generation can be achieved with low voltage applied across electrodes. For the present optical waveguide, a 1 °C temperature change is equivalent to about 13 V in phase matching, which agrees well with the calculated value. Rapid tuning or switching of parametric interactions in the LiNbO3 waveguide is expected with a low applied voltage.

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