No abstract

Volume recombination of C4+ and e− into C3+ is observed for the first time in detached divertor plasmas with an X-point MARFE. The recombination zone is located around the X-point, and the electron temperature and density are evaluated to be 6.3 eV and 7.8 × 1020 m−3, respectively. In this zone, the volume recombination flux is larger by two orders of magnitude than the ionization flux of C3+. However, the radiation power due to the recombination process is only 2% of the total radiation power, measured by a bolometer. In contrast, the radiation power due to the excitation process from the ground state of C3+ by electron collision dominates the total radiation power.

FK506 is a powerful immunosuppressive drug currently in use that inhibits the activation of several transcription factors (nuclear factor (NF)-AT and NF-B) critical for T cell activation. We show here that, contrary to the situation in T cells, FK506 activates transcription factor NF-B in nonlymphoid cells such as fibroblasts and renal mesangial cells. We further show that FK506 induces NF-B-regulated IL-6 production in vitro and in vivo, in particular in kidney. IL-6 has been shown previously to produce renal abnormalities in vivo, such as mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Similar renal abnormalities were also observed in FK506-treated animals. These results thus suggest a causal relationship between FK506-induced NF-B activation/IL-6 production and some of FK506-induced renal abnormalities. (

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft encounter an electron diffusion region (EDR) of asymmetric magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause. The EDR is characterized by agyrotropic electron velocity distributions on both sides of the neutral line. Various types of plasma waves are produced by the magnetic reconnection in and near the EDR. Here we report large-amplitude electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) at the electron-scale boundary of the Hall current reversal. The finite gyroradius effect of the outflow electrons generates the crescent-shaped agyrotropic electron distributions, which drive the EBWs. The EBWs propagate toward the central EDR. The amplitude of the EBWs is sufficiently large to thermalize and diffuse electrons around the EDR. The EBWs contribute to the cross-field diffusion of the electron-scale boundary of the Hall current reversal near the EDR.

Thrombocytopenia is a complication of ES, and this may result from bone marrow suppression rather than from immune-mediated peripheral consumption seen in acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or from disseminated intravascular coagulation.