These results indicate that E-PEG was safe, tolerable and speedy when compared ordinary pull-method PEG.

The fragile esophagus caused by advanced patient age and/or dilatation were risk factor for mucosal injury during laparoscopic Heller-Dor procedure. And novice surgeon was also identified as an isolated risk factor for mucosal injury.

Re-ARS provides good subjective outcomes when measured more than 1 year after surgery. Patients with more complex pathology benefit more from RNYR despite the higher postoperative complication rate. This is especially true for patients with decreased esophageal motility and short esophagus.

LHD is an effective therapeutic technique for the treatment of chest pain associated with achalasia. These results suggest that both the morphological type and esophageal dilatation are useful predictors for the improvement of chest pain after surgical therapy.

The results of the present study suggest that classification of morphologic type is a useful parameter in predicting postoperative outcome in achalasia. In order to achieve excellent symptomatic relief, surgery for achalasia should be recommended for but not limited to Sp and Fk types.