Sediment and nutrients yields especially from farmlands were studied in a watershed in Ishigaki island, Okinawa, Japan. The transport processes of these materials in rivers, mangrove, lagoon and coastal zones were studied by using various observation methods including stable isotope analysis. They were simulated by using a WEPP model which was modied to be applicable to such small islands by identifying several factors from the observations. The model predicts that a proper combination of civil engineering countermeasure and change of farming method can reduce the sediment yield from the watershed by 74%. Observations of water quality and coral recruitment test in Nagura bay indicate that the water is eutrophicated and the corals cannot grow for a long time. Based on these observations, a quantitative target of the reduction of sediment and nutrients yield in watershed can be decided rationally.

Soil moisture condition is essential to regulate the release of soil carbon from a drained peatland since aerobic microbial activities can be encouraged through oxygen supply associated with dewatering the soil layer while they may be discouraged under too dry conditions. Aiming to characterize the soil moisture condition in a reclaimed tropical peatland, we monitored the volumetric water content at 5 cm depth ( 5 cm ), groundwater level (GWL) and rainfall for 20 months from March 2010 to November 2011 in an oil palm field in NakhonSi-Thammarat, Thailand. We also measured the soil water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k) for a series of matric potential (h) to simulate the moisture condition monitored in the field by using the Buckingham-Darcy's flux law. During the dry season in 2010, the 5 cm consistently stayed lower than 0.35 m 3 m -3 with the GWL lower than a depth of 30 cm. In the transition from the dry season to the rainy season in 2010, the GWL rose to the land surface with peaks and dips across the time for about one month with the 5 cm increasing toward saturation. During the rainy season where the GWL stayed near or above the land surface, the 5 cm remained the field-saturated value of 0.58 m 3 m -3 on average, less than the laboratory-saturated value of 0.63 m 3 m -3 , suggesting the development of a significant amount of entrapped air-phase. Hysteretic behavior in the measured 5 cm -GWL relation also supported that the top soil layer refuses to absorb water in wetting processes. The simulated 5 cm based on the measured k(h) and soil water retention curves demonstrated that the ease with which the top soil dries during a dry season was due mainly to the low k(h) value in the dried condition, while the slope of the (h) curve was so moderate that the soil layer could retain moisture for maintaining liquid water supply to the surface from the dropped GWL. Sensitivity analyses while varying the magnitude of both k(h) and evaporation rate (E) suggested that the k(h) function was more deterministic than the value of E in making the land surface easily dried. As the GWL stayed lower than 30 cm in depth for a total of 187 days out of the year monitored, while surface-ponding conditions took place for 120 days of the year, it was concluded that either the extremely dried condition or the saturated-moisture condition had dominantly occurred in the study site through a year and, thus, there may only be a limited time when soil organic matter near the land surface is in favorable moisture conditions for aerobic decomposition.

Abstract:Penman-type evapotranspiration (ET) methods are widely used in irrigation water management and water resource planning. To determine the daily reference ET using Penmantype methods, net longwave radiation must be estimated through an empirical net longwave radiation equation based on meteorological data. This paper presents the coefficients of the net longwave radiation equation calibrated using highly accurate data observed at the Tateno observatory, which belongs to the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). The daily net longwave radiation calculated with these calibrated coefficients is in better agreement with the observed data as compared with those of the original Penman-Monteith equation in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Irrigation and Drainage Paper no. 56 (FAO56-PM). In particular, the FAO56-PM cloudiness factor coefficients are more effectively calibrated in this study. The annual mean reference ET calculated through the calibrated FAO56-PM corresponds to approximately 90% of the values calculated using the original coefficients.

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